Question 1

Which subatomic particle determines the atomic number of an element?

Accepted Answer

Proton

Question 2

If an atom of boron has an atomic mass of 11 and an atomic number of 5, how many neutrons does it have? Use the formula $$	ext{Neutrons} = 	ext{Atomic Mass} - 	ext{Atomic Number}.$$

Accepted Answer

6

Question 3

Which type of chemical bond involves the sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms?

Accepted Answer

Covalent bond

Question 4

What is the main difference between a nonpolar covalent bond and a polar covalent bond?

Accepted Answer

Nonpolar covalent bonds have equal sharing of electrons, while polar covalent bonds have unequal sharing.

Question 5

Which type of bond is responsible for stabilizing the 3-D structure of large biological molecules such as DNA?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen bond

Question 6

What is the charge of an atom that has lost one electron?

Accepted Answer

Positive

Question 7

Which of the following is a synthesis reaction? Use the equation $$6H_2O + 6CO_2 \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2.$$

Accepted Answer

$$6H_2O + 6CO_2 \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2$$

Question 8

Which type of chemical bond forms between a cation and an anion?

Accepted Answer

Ionic bond

Question 9

What is the function of buffers in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Prevent drastic changes in internal pH

Question 10

Which macromolecule is composed of monomers called amino acids?

Accepted Answer

Proteins

Question 11

What is the main short-term energy supply for cells?

Accepted Answer

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a special property of water?

Accepted Answer

Water converts from a liquid to a gas quickly and over a narrow range of temperatures.

Question 13

Which type of reaction involves breaking a large molecule into smaller components and typically releases energy?

Accepted Answer

Decomposition reaction

Question 14

What is the difference between a molecule and a compound?

Accepted Answer

A molecule is composed of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds, while a compound is a molecule composed of more than one element.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes an isotope?

Accepted Answer

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons

Question 16

Which of the following is a property of organic molecules?

Accepted Answer

They contain carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Question 17

Which macromolecule contains genetic material and instructions for protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Nucleic acids

Question 18

What is the role of phospholipids in cells?

Accepted Answer

They form the main structural component of cell membranes.

Question 19

Which of the following reactions is an example of dehydration synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Two amino acids join to form a peptide bond and release a water molecule.

Question 20

A solution has a pH of 4. How does its hydrogen ion concentration compare to a solution with pH 7? Use the formula $$[H^+] = 10$$^{-pH}$$.

Accepted Answer

It is 1000 times higher.

Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Microbiology – Study Notes

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