Q: Which equation correctly calculates the total magnification of a specimen viewed under a compound light microscope?

$\text{Total Magnification} = \text{Objective Lens Magnification} \times \text{Ocular Lens Magnification}$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of bacterial endospores in real-world scenarios?

Accepted Answer

Endospores enable bacteria to survive extreme environmental conditions such as heat, desiccation, and chemicals.

Question 2

A hospital is experiencing an outbreak of a Gram-negative bacterial infection. Which structural feature of Gram-negative bacteria contributes most to their resistance against certain antibiotics?

Accepted Answer

Presence of an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Question 3

Which equation correctly calculates the total magnification of a specimen viewed under a compound light microscope?

Accepted Answer

$	ext{Total Magnification} = 	ext{Objective Lens Magnification} 	imes 	ext{Ocular Lens Magnification}$

Question 4

During a foodborne illness investigation, which phase of the bacterial growth curve is most associated with rapid increase in cell numbers and highest risk of infection?

Accepted Answer

Log (exponential) phase

Question 5

A scientist is using PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) to amplify a segment of DNA. Which enzyme is essential for this process?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase

Question 6

Which of the following statements about competitive and non-competitive enzyme inhibition is correct?

Accepted Answer

Non-competitive inhibitors decrease the maximum velocity ($V_{max}$) without affecting substrate binding.

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why Pasteurization is used in the dairy industry?

Accepted Answer

It reduces microbial load, killing most pathogens while preserving nutritional quality.

Question 8

A patient is diagnosed with a nosocomial infection. What does this term mean?

Accepted Answer

An infection acquired in a hospital or healthcare setting

Question 9

Which of the following is a real-world example of genetic engineering in agriculture?

Accepted Answer

Introducing a gene into plants to confer resistance to freezing temperatures

Question 10

Which statement correctly describes the difference between genotype and phenotype?

Accepted Answer

Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism, while phenotype is the observable characteristics.

Question 11

A microbiologist is classifying bacteria based on their oxygen requirements. Which type of bacteria can survive only in the absence of oxygen?

Accepted Answer

Obligate anaerobes

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct description of the semi-conservative model of DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Each new DNA molecule consists of one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand.

Question 13

Which equation represents the net ATP yield from aerobic respiration of one molecule of glucose in prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

$	ext{Net ATP} = 38$

Question 14

A patient receives a broad-spectrum antibiotic. What is a potential risk associated with this treatment?

Accepted Answer

Development of superinfection due to disruption of normal microbiota

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of fimbriae in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Attachment to surfaces and host tissues

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viruses?

Accepted Answer

They contain both DNA and RNA in the same virion.

Question 17

Which of the following is the correct order of the stages in the bacterial growth curve?

Accepted Answer

Lag phase, Log phase, Stationary phase, Death phase

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of restriction endonucleases in recombinant DNA technology?

Accepted Answer

They cut DNA at specific recognition sequences.

Question 19

A patient is exposed to a superantigen. What is the most likely immunological consequence?

Accepted Answer

Massive, non-specific activation of T cells leading to cytokine storm

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