Question 1

Which of the following best explains why puncture wounds are more dangerous than cuts in terms of bacterial infection?

Accepted Answer

Puncture wounds create an anaerobic environment, allowing anaerobic bacteria to thrive.

Question 2

A sample of ocean water is tested for its bacterial content in a plate count assay. A one-milliliter sample is diluted in a 1:10 dilution series. 0.1 milliliter of the second dilution is plated, and after incubation, the plate has 191 colonies. What is the original concentration of bacteria in the sample?

Accepted Answer

$$191,000$$ cfu/ml

Question 3

Which enzyme is targeted by DNA replication inhibitors such as ciprofloxacin, and why does this not harm human cells?

Accepted Answer

DNA Gyrase, which is unique to bacteria and absent in humans.

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a component of the innate immune system?

Accepted Answer

B-cells

Question 5

What is the primary function of plasma cells in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

Produce antibodies

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the pathway for a single-stranded (-) DNA virus?

Accepted Answer

DDRP converts (-) DNA to mRNA, ribosomes make viral particles, DDDP creates (+) DNA, then DDDP reads (+) DNA to make (-) DNA.

Question 7

Which of the following statements about B-lactam antibiotics is correct?

Accepted Answer

They block peptidoglycan synthesis and are only effective against Gram-positive bacteria.

Question 8

A patient is prescribed tetracycline. Which side effect should the physician be most concerned about in children, and what is the mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Brown discoloration of teeth due to binding to calcium in developing teeth.

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why HIV is so dangerous to the immune system?

Accepted Answer

HIV kills Helper-T cells, resulting in loss of adaptive immunity.

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct description of the function of complements in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

Complements are proteins that form a membrane attack complex (MAC) to lyse bacteria.

Question 11

Which of the following statements about the adaptive immune system is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

It is delayed but highly effective and has memory.

Question 12

Which two cells must agree before the body initiates an immune response, and why is this important?

Accepted Answer

B-cells and T-cells, to prevent autoimmune responses.

Question 13

Which of the following is a plausible explanation for the development of autoimmune diseases such as diabetes or multiple sclerosis?

Accepted Answer

The thymus failed to delete T-cells that cannot distinguish self from non-self.

Question 14

Which of the following is the correct output of glycolysis during anaerobic respiration?

Accepted Answer

$$2 	ext{ NADH}, 4 	ext{ ATP} 	ext{ (net output of 2)}, 2 	ext{ pyruvate}$$

Question 15

Which of the following is a unique feature of (-) RNA viruses compared to other RNA viruses?

Accepted Answer

They bring RDRP with them in the capsid.

Question 16

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the lytic viral replication phase?

Accepted Answer

Attachment, uncoating, assembly, lysis

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct description of the function of erythrocytes?

Accepted Answer

They are responsible for O$$_2$$ and CO$$_2$$ exchange.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct explanation for why red blood cell infections are extremely harmful?

Accepted Answer

Erythrocytes lack MHC I and cannot signal that they are infected.

Question 19

Which of the following is the correct risk ranking from lowest to highest for the listed antibiotics?

Accepted Answer

Penicillin, Tetracycline, Azithromycia, Gentamycin, Ciprofloxacin, Sulfa drugs

Comprehensive Study Notes: Immunology, Virology, Bacterial Growth, and Antimicrobial Agents

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards