Question 1

Which structural feature distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

DNA not enclosed by a membrane

Question 2

A bacterial cell is observed under a microscope and appears as a chain of spherical cells. Which arrangement and shape best describe this observation?

Accepted Answer

Streptococci (chains of spheres)

Question 3

What is the primary function of the bacterial capsule?

Accepted Answer

Prevents phagocytosis by host immune cells

Question 4

Which bacterial structure is responsible for swimming motility by rotation?

Accepted Answer

Flagella

Question 5

Gram-negative bacteria are more difficult to treat with antibiotics than gram-positive bacteria because:

Accepted Answer

Their outer membrane blocks antibiotic entry

Question 6

Which component of the gram-negative bacterial cell wall is responsible for triggering fever and septic shock?

Accepted Answer

Lipid A

Question 7

Which agents can cause injury to the bacterial plasma membrane, leading to leakage of cell contents?

Accepted Answer

Alcohols and quaternary ammonium compounds

Question 8

Where is the DNA located in a prokaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

In the nucleoid region, not surrounded by a nuclear membrane

Question 9

What is the function of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis

Question 10

Endospores are formed by certain bacteria under which conditions?

Accepted Answer

When nutrients are depleted

Question 11

Which equation best represents the assembly of a prokaryotic ribosome?

Accepted Answer

$$ 30S + 50S \rightarrow 70S $$

Question 12

Erythromycin binds to the 50S subunit of ribosomes. What effect does this have on prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

It inhibits protein synthesis, leading to bacterial growth inhibition or death

Question 13

Which evidence supports the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of mitochondria?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria contain 70S ribosomes and circular DNA

Question 14

Which bacterial structure is primarily involved in attachment to surfaces and host cells, aiding colonization?

Accepted Answer

Fimbriae

Question 15

Which bacterial shape is best described as rod-shaped?

Accepted Answer

Bacillus

Question 16

What is the main function of the prokaryotic plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Selective permeability and ATP production

Question 17

Which bacterial structure enables DNA transfer between cells during conjugation?

Accepted Answer

Pili

Question 18

Which type of bacterial cell wall contains mycolic acid and is resistant to staining?

Accepted Answer

Acid-fast

Question 19

What is the clinical significance of bacterial capsules?

Accepted Answer

They contribute to virulence by preventing phagocytosis

Question 20

Which bacterial structure is responsible for corkscrew motility in spirochetes?

Accepted Answer

Axial filament

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