Question 1

Which of the following statements best distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cells have a single circular chromosome not enclosed by a membrane.

Question 2

A bacterial cell is observed to have a thick peptidoglycan layer, teichoic acids, and is highly susceptible to penicillin. Which type of cell wall does it most likely possess?

Accepted Answer

Gram-positive cell wall

Question 3

Which structure allows bacteria to move toward or away from chemical stimuli, and what is the term for this movement?

Accepted Answer

Flagella; taxis

Question 4

A patient is infected with a bacterium that resists phagocytosis and forms biofilms on medical devices. Which structure is most responsible for these properties?

Accepted Answer

Capsule (glycocalyx)

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the chemical structure of peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls?

Accepted Answer

A polymer of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) linked by polypeptides

Question 6

Which of the following equations correctly represents the osmotic pressure ($$\Pi) $$required to stop the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane?

Accepted Answer

$$\Pi = iMRT$$

Question 7

A bacterium is placed in a hypertonic solution. What is the most likely outcome for the cell?

Accepted Answer

Water will move out of the cell, causing plasmolysis.

Question 8

Which of the following is a function of the bacterial plasma membrane that is NOT shared with the eukaryotic plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

ATP production via membrane-bound enzymes

Question 9

Which of the following antibiotics specifically targets the formation of peptide cross-bridges in peptidoglycan, thereby weakening the bacterial cell wall?

Accepted Answer

Penicillin

Question 10

A microbiologist observes a bacterium with a single flagellum at each end of the cell. What is the correct term for this flagellar arrangement?

Accepted Answer

Amphitrichous

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why gram-negative bacteria are less susceptible to penicillin than gram-positive bacteria?

Accepted Answer

The outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria blocks access of penicillin to its target.

Question 12

Which of the following structures is involved in bacterial conjugation and DNA transfer between cells?

Accepted Answer

Conjugation pili

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a function of the bacterial cytoskeleton?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizing peptidoglycan

Question 14

A patient is diagnosed with tuberculosis. Which unique feature of the causative agent's cell wall is responsible for its acid-fast property?

Accepted Answer

Waxy lipid (mycolic acid) bound to peptidoglycan

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Accepted Answer

They originated from engulfed aerobic and photosynthetic bacteria, respectively.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct comparison between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic ribosomes are 70S, while eukaryotic cytoplasmic ribosomes are 80S.

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why Mycoplasma species are resistant to antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis?

Accepted Answer

They lack a cell wall and have sterols in their plasma membrane.

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of the bacterial inclusion known as a carboxysome?

Accepted Answer

CO$$_2$$ fixation during photosynthesis

Question 19

A scientist observes a bacterium that moves in a corkscrew motion. Which structure is responsible for this type of motility?

Accepted Answer

Axial filaments (endoflagella)

Question 20

Which of the following best describes group translocation in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

An active process that uses phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP) to chemically modify substances as they cross the membrane

Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: Structure, Function, and Comparison

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