Question 1

Which of the following statements best distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cells have one circular chromosome not enclosed in a membrane, while eukaryotic cells have paired chromosomes within a nuclear membrane.

Question 2

A bacterium is observed to be rod-shaped and forms chains. What is the correct term for this arrangement?

Accepted Answer

Streptobacilli

Question 3

Which component is unique to the cell walls of bacteria but not found in Archaea?

Accepted Answer

Peptidoglycan

Question 4

A scientist isolates a bacterium with a thick peptidoglycan layer, teichoic acids, and high susceptibility to penicillin. Which type of cell wall does this bacterium possess?

Accepted Answer

Gram-positive

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the function of the glycocalyx capsule in pathogenic bacteria?

Accepted Answer

It prevents phagocytosis by host cells, contributing to virulence.

Question 6

Which structure is responsible for bacterial motility and can be used to distinguish among serovars?

Accepted Answer

Flagella

Question 7

A patient is infected with a bacterium that is resistant to lysozyme and penicillin, lacks peptidoglycan, and contains sterols in its plasma membrane. What is the most likely identity of this organism?

Accepted Answer

Mycoplasma

Question 8

Which of the following is a function of the plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a selective barrier, contains enzymes for ATP production, and may have photosynthetic pigments.

Question 9

Which process requires energy and moves substances against their concentration gradient across the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 10

A bacterium is placed in a hypertonic solution. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The cytoplasm will shrink due to plasmolysis.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the composition of peptidoglycan?

Accepted Answer

A polymer of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) linked by polypeptides

Question 12

Which of the following is true regarding Gram-negative bacteria?

Accepted Answer

They have an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and a thin peptidoglycan layer.

Question 13

Which bacterial structure is involved in the transfer of DNA from one cell to another during conjugation?

Accepted Answer

Pili

Question 14

A bacterium is observed to move in a corkscrew motion. Which structure is responsible for this type of motility?

Accepted Answer

Axial filaments (endoflagella)

Question 15

Which of the following inclusions would you expect to find in a photosynthetic bacterium for carbon fixation?

Accepted Answer

Carboxysomes

Question 16

Which of the following statements about endospores is correct?

Accepted Answer

Endospores are resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals, and radiation.

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why Gram-negative bacteria are less susceptible to penicillin than Gram-positive bacteria?

Accepted Answer

The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria restricts the entry of penicillin.

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of plasmids in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

They carry non-crucial genes such as antibiotic resistance and toxin production.

Question 19

A bacterium is exposed to lysozyme. What is the most likely effect on its cell wall?

Accepted Answer

Lysozyme hydrolyzes bonds in peptidoglycan, weakening the cell wall.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes group translocation in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

An active process that chemically modifies a substance as it is transported into the cell.

Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: Structure and Function

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