Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cells have a single circular chromosome not in a membrane, lack histones and organelles, and divide by binary fission; eukaryotic cells have paired chromosomes in a nuclear membrane, contain histones and organelles, and divide by mitosis.

Question 2

A bacterium is observed under a microscope and appears as a chain of spherical cells. Which arrangement and shape best describe this bacterium?

Accepted Answer

Streptococci

Question 3

Which bacterial shape is helical and flexible, and is commonly associated with axial filaments?

Accepted Answer

Spirochete

Question 4

What is the primary function of the glycocalyx capsule in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

To prevent phagocytosis and contribute to virulence

Question 5

Which structure is responsible for bacterial motility and consists of a filament, hook, and basal body?

Accepted Answer

Flagella

Question 6

A bacterium with flagella distributed all over its surface is described as:

Accepted Answer

Peritrichous

Question 7

Which of the following is a correct description of the Gram stain mechanism for Gram-positive bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Alcohol dehydrates the thick peptidoglycan layer, trapping the crystal violet-iodine complex inside the cell.

Question 8

Which component of the Gram-negative cell wall acts as an endotoxin and is responsible for many symptoms of infection?

Accepted Answer

Lipid A

Question 9

Why are mycoplasmas resistant to antibiotics that interfere with cell wall synthesis?

Accepted Answer

They lack a cell wall and contain sterols in their plasma membrane.

Question 10

Which process involves the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water concentration?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis

Question 11

A bacterial cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. What will most likely happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

Water will move out of the cell, causing it to shrink.

Question 12

Which of the following is a unique feature of prokaryotic plasma membranes compared to eukaryotic plasma membranes?

Accepted Answer

Group translocation, where substances are chemically altered as they cross the membrane

Question 13

Which organelle is responsible for ATP production in eukaryotic cells and contains inner folds called cristae?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 14

Which of the following statements about ribosomes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic ribosomes are 80S in the cytoplasm and 70S in mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why drugs that target cell wall synthesis are useful in treating bacterial infections?

Accepted Answer

They inhibit peptide bridges in peptidoglycan, weakening the cell wall and causing osmotic lysis.

Question 16

Which of the following inclusions is used by bacteria to store nutrients and is visible as granules in the cytoplasm?

Accepted Answer

Inclusion body

Question 17

According to the endosymbiotic theory, which organelles are believed to have originated from engulfed prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 18

A bacterium is observed to have a tuft of flagella at one pole. What is the correct term for this flagellar arrangement?

Accepted Answer

Lophotrichous

Question 19

Which of the following statements about bacterial capsules is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

Capsules are loosely organized and easily detached from the cell.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a function of pili in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis

4 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: Structure, Function, and Comparison

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