Question 1

Which of the following statements best explains why penicillin is more effective against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer that is the primary target of penicillin.

Question 2

A bacterium is placed in a hypertonic solution. What is the most likely outcome for the cell, and why?

Accepted Answer

Water will move out of the cell, causing the cytoplasm to shrink (plasmolysis).

Question 3

Which of the following structures is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and is responsible for protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Ribosome

Question 4

A scientist isolates a cell with the following characteristics: a single circular chromosome, no membrane-bound organelles, and a cell wall containing pseudomurein. This cell is most likely:

Accepted Answer

An archaeal cell

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the arrangement of microtubules in a eukaryotic flagellum?

Accepted Answer

$$9 + 2$$ array

Question 6

Which process requires energy in the form of ATP to move substances across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 7

A bacterium with a capsule is more likely to:

Accepted Answer

Form biofilms and evade the host immune response

Question 8

Which of the following is a function of the bacterial cell wall?

Accepted Answer

Preventing osmotic lysis

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why lysozyme is effective against bacteria?

Accepted Answer

It hydrolyzes the bonds between N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid in peptidoglycan.

Question 10

Which of the following inclusions would you expect to find in a photosynthetic bacterium that fixes carbon dioxide?

Accepted Answer

Carboxysomes

Question 11

A Gram-negative bacterium is treated with alcohol during the Gram stain procedure. What happens to the cell wall?

Accepted Answer

The outer membrane is dissolved, and holes form in the thin peptidoglycan layer.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of fimbriae in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Attachment to surfaces

Question 13

Which of the following is true regarding the ribosomes found in mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Accepted Answer

They are 70S ribosomes, similar to those in prokaryotes.

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why endospores are a concern in medical sterilization procedures?

Accepted Answer

Endospores are resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals, and radiation.

Question 15

Which of the following is a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell division?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotes divide by binary fission, while eukaryotes divide by mitosis.

Question 16

A patient is infected with a bacterium that produces a thick capsule. Which of the following is the most likely consequence for the patient's immune response?

Accepted Answer

The capsule will inhibit phagocytosis, making the infection harder to clear.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the composition of the bacterial cell wall in Gram-positive bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Thick peptidoglycan layer and teichoic acids

Question 18

Which of the following processes is unique to eukaryotic cells and involves the engulfment of large particles by the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Question 19

A bacterium is found to have lophotrichous flagella. Which of the following best describes this arrangement?

Accepted Answer

A tuft of flagella at one pole

Question 20

Which of the following is a function of peroxisomes in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Oxidation of fatty acids and destruction of hydrogen peroxide ($$\mathrm{H_2O_2})$$

Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: Microbiology Study Notes

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