Question 1

Which of the following is a key structural difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cells have a single circular chromosome not enclosed by a membrane.

Question 2

Which bacterial structure is primarily responsible for motility and can be arranged as monotrichous, lophotrichous, amphitrichous, or peritrichous?

Accepted Answer

Flagella

Question 3

A patient is diagnosed with a bacterial infection caused by a Gram-negative organism. Which component of the cell wall is most likely responsible for symptoms such as fever and shock?

Accepted Answer

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), specifically Lipid A

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the function of bacterial capsules?

Accepted Answer

They prevent phagocytosis by host immune cells.

Question 5

Which process is unique to prokaryotes and involves the chemical modification of a substance as it is transported into the cell?

Accepted Answer

Group translocation

Question 6

A bacterium is placed in a hypertonic solution. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The cytoplasm will shrink due to plasmolysis.

Question 7

Which of the following statements about endospores is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Endospores allow bacteria to survive harsh environmental conditions.

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why penicillin is more effective against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer with many peptide cross-bridges.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a function of the prokaryotic plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of peptidoglycan

Question 10

Which of the following cell wall types is correctly matched with its composition?

Accepted Answer

Plant cell wall – cellulose

Question 11

A scientist observes a bacterium with a thick, waxy cell wall that stains with carbolfuchsin. Which genus is most likely being observed?

Accepted Answer

Mycobacterium

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct description of the arrangement of bacterial flagella?

Accepted Answer

Amphitrichous: flagella at both ends of the cell

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of bacterial fimbriae?

Accepted Answer

Attachment to surfaces

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the effect of the antibiotic erythromycin on prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

It binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit, inhibiting protein synthesis.

Question 15

Which of the following inclusions is correctly matched with its function?

Accepted Answer

Carboxysomes – CO$$_2$$ fixation during photosynthesis

Question 16

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of eukaryotic flagella compared to prokaryotic flagella?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic flagella have a 9+2 arrangement of microtubules.

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why mycoplasmas are resistant to antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis?

Accepted Answer

They lack a cell wall.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct statement about the endosymbiotic theory?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from engulfed prokaryotic cells.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Gram-negative bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Thick peptidoglycan layer

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the arrangement of DNA in prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Circular chromosome located in the nucleoid region

Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: Microbiology Study Notes

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