Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between active immunization and passive immunotherapy?

Accepted Answer

Active immunization stimulates the patient's own immune system to produce a response, while passive immunotherapy provides immediate protection by transferring antibodies.

Question 2

Which vaccine type is most likely to provide contact immunity and why?

Accepted Answer

Attenuated (modified live) vaccines, because the weakened microbes can replicate and spread to others, inducing immunity.

Question 3

A patient receives a vaccine containing chemically inactivated toxins. Which type of vaccine did they receive, and what is a key limitation of this vaccine type?

Accepted Answer

Toxoid vaccine; it requires multiple doses due to few antigenic determinants.

Question 4

Which of the following is a major safety concern associated with the use of attenuated vaccines?

Accepted Answer

They may retain enough residual virulence to cause disease in susceptible individuals.

Question 5

Why must some vaccines be avoided by individuals with egg allergies?

Accepted Answer

Because many vaccines are cultured in chicken eggs, which may leave residual egg proteins.

Question 6

A laboratory is using a serological test that measures the cloudiness of a solution to quantify serum proteins. Which test are they most likely using?

Accepted Answer

Turbidimetric or nephelometric test

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why inactivated vaccines often require multiple doses?

Accepted Answer

Inactivated vaccines are rapidly cleared from the body and do not replicate, so repeated exposure is needed to achieve full immunity.

Question 8

A patient is given antiserum after exposure to rabies. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding this treatment?

Accepted Answer

It provides immediate, short-term protection by supplying preformed antibodies.

Question 9

Which serological test is most appropriate for confirming the presence of HIV proteins in a patient's serum?

Accepted Answer

Immunoblot (Western blot)

Question 10

A scientist is using a test where a viral sample is mixed with patient serum and then added to a cell culture. The absence of cytopathic effect indicates the presence of antibodies. What is this test called?

Accepted Answer

Viral neutralization test

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the principle behind the ELISA test?

Accepted Answer

It uses an enzyme-linked antibody that produces a colored product when it reacts with its substrate, indicating the presence of antigen or antibody.

Question 12

Which of the following is a limitation of passive immunotherapy that is overcome by the use of hybridomas?

Accepted Answer

Hybridomas produce large quantities of identical antibodies, reducing the risk of serum sickness and increasing specificity.

Question 13

A patient’s serum is serially diluted and tested for agglutination with a specific antigen. The highest dilution showing a positive reaction is recorded. What is this value called?

Accepted Answer

Titer

Question 14

Which of the following statements about immunochromatography is correct?

Accepted Answer

It is a rapid ELISA-based technique that produces a visible line when antigen-antibody complexes are present.

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why toxoid vaccines require multiple doses?

Accepted Answer

Toxoids have few antigenic determinants, so repeated exposure is needed to stimulate sufficient immunity.

Question 16

Which of the following is a real-world application of the hemagglutination test?

Accepted Answer

Determining a patient’s blood type before a transfusion

Question 17

A new vaccine is developed using recombinant DNA technology to express a viral protein in yeast cells. Which type of vaccine is this?

Accepted Answer

Subunit vaccine

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the process of immunodiffusion?

Accepted Answer

Antigens and antibodies diffuse through agar and form a line of precipitation where they meet in optimal proportions.

Question 19

Which of the following is a key advantage of combination vaccines?

Accepted Answer

They allow simultaneous administration of antigens from several pathogens, reducing the number of injections needed.

Immunization and Immune Testing: Principles, Types, and Applications

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