Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between active immunization and passive immunotherapy?

Accepted Answer

Active immunization stimulates the patient's own immune system to produce a response, while passive immunotherapy provides immediate protection through the transfer of antibodies.

Question 2

Which of the following is a major risk associated with attenuated (modified live) vaccines?

Accepted Answer

They may retain enough residual virulence to cause disease in susceptible individuals.

Question 3

A patient receives an injection of antibodies after being exposed to rabies. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Passive immunotherapy

Question 4

Which of the following statements about inactivated (killed) vaccines is CORRECT?

Accepted Answer

They often require multiple doses to achieve full immunity.

Question 5

A laboratory is using an immunodiffusion technique to detect the presence of a specific antigen in a patient's serum. What is the principle behind this test?

Accepted Answer

Antigen-antibody complexes form precipitates at optimal proportions.

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why individuals with egg allergies must avoid some vaccines?

Accepted Answer

Some vaccines are produced using egg proteins, which may trigger allergic reactions.

Question 7

A patient’s serum is serially diluted and tested for agglutination with a specific antigen. The highest dilution showing a positive reaction is 1:160. What is the antibody titer?

Accepted Answer

$$1:160$$

Question 8

Which of the following is a key advantage of ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) over other serological tests?

Accepted Answer

It can quantify the amount of antigen or antibody present.

Question 9

A newborn receives antibodies from its mother through breast milk. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the principle of a direct fluorescent immunoassay?

Accepted Answer

A fluorescently labeled antibody binds directly to the antigen in the sample.

Question 11

Which of the following is a limitation of passive immunotherapy?

Accepted Answer

It can trigger allergic reactions known as serum sickness.

Question 12

Which of the following is a reason why vaccine development for some pathogens remains challenging?

Accepted Answer

Some pathogens mutate rapidly, making vaccine development difficult.

Question 13

A patient’s blood is tested using an indirect fluorescent immunoassay. Which of the following steps is unique to this method?

Accepted Answer

The use of a fluorescently labeled secondary antibody that binds to the patient’s antibody.

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why multiple doses are often required for toxoid vaccines?

Accepted Answer

Toxoids possess few antigenic determinants, resulting in a weaker immune response.

Question 15

Which of the following is a real-world application of hemagglutination?

Accepted Answer

Determining blood type for transfusions.

Question 16

A new vaccine is developed using recombinant DNA technology. Which of the following is a potential advantage of this approach?

Accepted Answer

It can make vaccines more effective, cheaper, and safer.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the principle of an antibody sandwich ELISA?

Accepted Answer

The antigen is sandwiched between two antibody molecules.

Question 18

Which of the following is a benefit of point-of-care immunoassays in clinical settings?

Accepted Answer

They allow for rapid diagnosis and treatment decisions.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about adjuvants is correct?

Accepted Answer

Adjuvants are chemicals added to vaccines to increase effective antigenicity.

Question 20

A patient develops serum sickness after receiving passive immunotherapy. What is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

The patient’s immune system reacts to foreign antibodies in the antiserum.

Immunization and Immunoassays: Principles and Applications

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