Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between active and passive immunization?

Accepted Answer

Active immunization stimulates the patient's own immune system to produce antibodies, whereas passive immunization provides immediate antibodies from another source.

Question 2

A patient receives a vaccine containing inactivated viral particles and an adjuvant. Which type of vaccine is this, and why is the adjuvant necessary?

Accepted Answer

It is an inactivated (killed) vaccine; the adjuvant increases the effective antigenicity of the vaccine.

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why booster immunizations are sometimes required after the initial vaccination?

Accepted Answer

Booster immunizations increase the antibody titer by stimulating a secondary immune response.

Question 4

Refer to the first image. What is the main advantage of using monoclonal antibodies produced by hybridomas in medical diagnostics?

Accepted Answer

They are identical and specific to a single antigen, increasing accuracy.

Question 5

A patient is exposed to a rare infectious disease and has not been vaccinated. Which immunization strategy would provide the fastest protection?

Accepted Answer

Passive immunization with preformed antibodies.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the principle behind the ELISA test?

Accepted Answer

It uses an enzyme-labeled antibody that reacts with a substrate to produce a colored product, indicating the presence of antigen or antibody.

Question 7

Refer to the second image. What does the agglutination of red blood cells indicate in a blood typing test?

Accepted Answer

The presence of the corresponding antigen on the surface of the red blood cells.

Question 8

Which hypersensitivity reaction is responsible for hemolytic disease of the newborn, as shown in the fourth image?

Accepted Answer

Type II (Cytotoxic) hypersensitivity

Question 9

A patient develops a localized skin reaction 48 hours after exposure to poison ivy. Which type of hypersensitivity is this, and what cells mediate the response?

Accepted Answer

Type IV hypersensitivity; mediated by T cells and macrophages.

Question 10

Which of the following is a key feature of primary immunodeficiency diseases?

Accepted Answer

They result from genetic or developmental defects present at birth.

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why immunologically privileged sites (e.g., cornea, brain) are less likely to reject grafts?

Accepted Answer

They lack lymphatic drainage and express immunosuppressive molecules.

Question 12

Refer to the fifth image. Which type of graft is most likely to be rejected without immunosuppressive therapy?

Accepted Answer

Allograft

Question 13

A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) develops kidney inflammation due to immune complex deposition. Which hypersensitivity type is involved?

Accepted Answer

Type III (Immune complex)

Question 14

Which of the following is a major limitation of using antisera for passive immunization, and how is it overcome?

Accepted Answer

Antisera can cause serum sickness; this is overcome by using monoclonal antibodies from hybridomas.

Question 15

Which of the following equations best represents the calculation of antibody titer in a serological test?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Titer} = \frac{1}{	ext{highest dilution showing a positive reaction}}$$

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for interferon therapy in passive immunization?

Accepted Answer

It decreases virus replication and enhances killing of infected cells by immune cells.

Question 17

A patient receives a combination vaccine containing antigens from measles, mumps, and rubella. What is the main advantage of this approach?

Accepted Answer

It allows simultaneous immunization against multiple diseases with fewer injections.

Question 18

Refer to the third image. What is the principle behind the rapid 'dipstick' immunochromatography test?

Accepted Answer

Antigen-antibody complexes are captured on a membrane, producing a visible line due to labeled antibodies.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why patients with AIDS are more susceptible to opportunistic infections?

Accepted Answer

HIV infection destroys CD4+ T lymphocytes, severely decreasing cell-mediated immunity.

Immunization, Immunoassays, and Immune Disorders: Study Notes

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