Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between innate and acquired (adaptive) immunity?

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity provides a rapid, non-specific response, while acquired immunity provides a slower, specific response with memory.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a component of the first line of defense in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

Cytotoxic T cells

Question 3

A patient receives an injection of preformed antibodies after exposure to a toxin. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Artificially acquired passive immunity

Question 4

Which cell type is primarily responsible for the production of antibodies?

Accepted Answer

Plasma cells

Question 5

What is the main function of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules?

Accepted Answer

To present antigens to T cells for immune recognition

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the process of phagocytosis?

Accepted Answer

The engulfment and digestion of pathogens by certain white blood cells

Question 7

Which of the following is a characteristic of an attenuated (live) vaccine?

Accepted Answer

It contains live, weakened pathogens that can replicate

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why herd immunity is important in a population?

Accepted Answer

It reduces the spread of disease by protecting those who cannot be vaccinated.

Question 9

Which of the following is a function of cytokines in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

They serve as signaling molecules to coordinate immune cell activity.

Question 10

A laboratory test uses an enzyme-linked antibody to detect the presence of a specific antigen in a patient sample. This test is known as:

Accepted Answer

ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay)

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in innate immunity?

Accepted Answer

They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and activate immune responses.

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in the acquired immune response?

Accepted Answer

Antigen presentation → Activation of T cells → Activation of B cells → Antibody production

Question 13

Which of the following statements about inflammation is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

It is characterized by redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of memory cells in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

They provide a faster and stronger response upon re-exposure to the same antigen.

Question 15

Which of the following is a key difference between exogenous and endogenous antigens?

Accepted Answer

Exogenous antigens are found outside host cells and are taken up by antigen-presenting cells, while endogenous antigens are produced within host cells.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why mRNA vaccines are considered a new technology?

Accepted Answer

They deliver genetic instructions for cells to produce a pathogen protein, stimulating an immune response.

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of the spleen in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

It stores immune cells, breaks down red blood cells, and contains phagocytes.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of opsonization in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

It is the coating of pathogens with molecules that enhance phagocytosis.

Question 19

Which of the following is a limitation of the ELISA test?

Accepted Answer

It may produce false positives due to cross-reactivity.

Question 20

A patient is exposed to a pathogen and develops immunity after recovering from the infection. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Naturally acquired active immunity

Immunology Review: Innate and Acquired Immunity, Cells, Responses, and Vaccines

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