Q: Which equation best represents the possible diversity of IgM antibodies produced by B cells, given heavy chain possibilities $$40 \times 25 \times 6 \times 5$$ and light chain possibilities $$40 \times 5$$?

$$40 \times 25 \times 6 \times 5 \times 40 \times 5$$

Q: Which equation represents the number of possible heavy chain combinations for immunoglobulins, given $$40$$ variable, $$25$$ diversity, $$6$$ joining, and $$5$$ constant segments?

$$40 \times 25 \times 6 \times 5$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity provides a rapid, non-specific response, while adaptive immunity provides a slower, highly specific response.

Question 2

Which cell type is responsible for the initial rapid response to pathogens in the innate immune system?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils

Question 3

A patient with a deficiency in MHC I proteins would most likely have impaired function in which immune cell?

Accepted Answer

Natural Killer (NK) cells

Question 4

Which equation best represents the possible diversity of IgM antibodies produced by B cells, given heavy chain possibilities $$40 	imes 25 	imes 6 	imes 5$$ and light chain possibilities $$40 	imes 5$$?

Accepted Answer

$$40 	imes 25 	imes 6 	imes 5 	imes 40 	imes 5$$

Question 5

Which of the following is a mechanism used by pathogens to evade phagocytosis?

Accepted Answer

Expression of leukocidins

Question 6

During inflammation, which cytokines are primarily responsible for increasing vascular permeability?

Accepted Answer

Interleukins (IL-1, IL-6) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α)

Question 7

Which process describes the movement of neutrophils from blood vessels into infected tissue?

Accepted Answer

Diapedesis

Question 8

A superantigen causes a systemic inflammatory response by:

Accepted Answer

Binding to the outside of the T cell receptor and MHC protein, activating many T cells.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a property of adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Immediate response to all pathogens

Question 10

What is the outcome of complement activation via the classical pathway?

Accepted Answer

Destruction of bacterial cells by membrane attack complex

Question 11

Which immune cell is activated by phagocytes displaying foreign antigens on MHC II proteins?

Accepted Answer

T-helper 1 cells

Question 12

Which antibody class is predominant in secretions such as saliva and breast milk?

Accepted Answer

IgA

Question 13

A patient receives a booster shot for a vaccine. Which immune response is primarily responsible for the rapid increase in antibody titer?

Accepted Answer

Secondary immune response

Question 14

Which equation represents the number of possible heavy chain combinations for immunoglobulins, given $$40$$ variable, $$25$$ diversity, $$6$$ joining, and $$5$$ constant segments?

Accepted Answer

$$40 	imes 25 	imes 6 	imes 5$$

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of complement proteins in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

Increase chances of phagocytosis through opsonization

Question 16

Which step occurs first in the adaptive immune response?

Accepted Answer

Leukocytes recognize, engulf, and digest pathogen

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why memory cells are important in adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

They allow for faster and stronger secondary responses upon re-exposure to the same antigen.

Question 18

Which immune cell releases histamines and causes vasodilation during inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Mast cells

Question 19

Which of the following is a result of negative selection in T cell development?

Accepted Answer

T cells that bind tightly to MHC/self-antigen die.

Question 20

Which of the following is true regarding the classical pathway of complement activation?

Accepted Answer

It is initiated by the binding of antibodies to antigens.

Innate and Adaptive Immunity: Mechanisms and Cellular Components

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