Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity is inborn and nonspecific, while adaptive immunity is specific and develops memory.

Question 2

A patient presents with swollen lymph nodes in the neck and underarm. What is the most likely explanation for this clinical finding?

Accepted Answer

Leukocytes in the lymph nodes are rapidly multiplying in response to an invading microbe.

Question 3

Which of the following is a chemical barrier involved in the first-line defense against pathogens?

Accepted Answer

Lysozyme in tears and saliva

Question 4

A patient with a bacterial infection has an elevated neutrophil count. This condition is known as:

Accepted Answer

Neutrophilia

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why long-term use of steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (SAIDs) increases the risk of infection?

Accepted Answer

SAIDs decrease the production of many pro-inflammatory factors such as cytokines and eicosanoids.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Fever

Question 7

A pathogen that produces siderophores is most likely trying to:

Accepted Answer

Steal iron from host iron-binding proteins

Question 8

Which of the following is a function of the complement system?

Accepted Answer

Tagging invaders for phagocytosis (opsonization)

Question 9

During the recruitment phase of inflammation, which process allows leukocytes to exit blood vessels and enter tissues?

Accepted Answer

Dipedesis

Question 10

Which of the following cytokines is primarily responsible for stimulating inflammation and fever, and is made mainly by macrophages?

Accepted Answer

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\alpha)

Question 11

A patient with a fever of 40.5°C (105°F) that does not decrease with treatment is at risk for:

Accepted Answer

Denaturation of essential cellular enzymes and proteins

Question 12

Which of the following is a granulocyte that plays a major role in allergic responses and combating parasitic infections?

Accepted Answer

Basophil

Question 13

Which of the following is a primary lymphoid tissue responsible for T cell maturation?

Accepted Answer

Thymus

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of normal microbiota in immune system development?

Accepted Answer

They directly induce, train, and calibrate immune responses.

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events during the three phases of inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Vascular changes → Leukocyte recruitment → Resolution

Question 16

Which of the following is a feature of innate immunity? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

It’s activated by inflammation and the complement system.

Question 17

A patient with chronic inflammation is at increased risk for which of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

Progressive neurodegenerative disorders

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of chemokines?

Accepted Answer

They induce chemotaxis, attracting cells to sites of injury or infection.

Question 19

Which of the following is a physical barrier that prevents pathogen entry?

Accepted Answer

Epidermis of the skin

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why mast cells are not counted in a differential white blood cell count?

Accepted Answer

They are found in tissues instead of circulating in blood.

Innate Immunity: Principles and Mechanisms

Study Guide - Practice Questions