Question 1

Which of the following pathways of complement activation is directly associated with antibody-antigen complexes?

Accepted Answer

The classical pathway

Question 2

What is the primary function of the membrane attack complex (MAC) formed during complement activation?

Accepted Answer

Lysis of foreign cells (cytolysis)

Question 3

Which complement fragments are known to act as inflammatory mediators?

Accepted Answer

C3a, C4a, and C5a

Question 4

During acute inflammation, which process is responsible for the redness and localized heat observed at the site of injury?

Accepted Answer

Dilation and increased permeability of blood vessels

Question 5

Which chemical is released by mast cells and acts as an inflammatory mediator?

Accepted Answer

Histamine

Question 6

A patient presents with a fever. Which of the following is a likely cause for the increase in body temperature?

Accepted Answer

Release of pyrogens by phagocytes after phagocytizing bacteria

Question 7

Which equation best represents the activation of complement component C3?

Accepted Answer

$$C3 \rightarrow C3a + C3b$$

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a function of acute inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Causing long-lasting tissue damage

Question 9

Which pathway of complement activation is triggered by the binding of lectins to mannose on microbial surfaces?

Accepted Answer

Lectin pathway

Question 10

Which of the following statements about chronic inflammation is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

It can cause disease due to long-lasting tissue damage

Question 11

Which complement proteins are involved in the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC)?

Accepted Answer

C5, C6, C7, C8, C9

Question 12

A patient with a bacterial infection is experiencing increased vascular permeability. Which chemical released by macrophages is most likely contributing to this effect?

Accepted Answer

Prostaglandins

Question 13

Which of the following best describes opsonization?

Accepted Answer

The process by which complement proteins coat pathogens to enhance phagocytosis

Question 14

Which equation represents the conversion of C5 during complement activation?

Accepted Answer

$$C5 \rightarrow C5a + C5b$$

Question 15

Which of the following is a direct effect of fever on the immune response?

Accepted Answer

Enhances the effects of interferons

Question 16

Which complement pathway is activated independently of antibodies and involves factors B, D, and P?

Accepted Answer

Alternative pathway

Question 17

Which of the following is a characteristic of acute inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Develops quickly and is short-lived

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a pyrogen that can trigger fever?

Accepted Answer

Histamine released by mast cells

Question 19

During inflammation, which process allows monocytes to squeeze through the interstitial space of blood vessels?

Accepted Answer

Diapedesis

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why complement activation can result in fever?

Accepted Answer

Pyrogens released during complement activation trigger the hypothalamus to increase body temperature

Innate Immunity: The Complement System, Inflammation, and Fever

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