Q: Which equation best represents the calculation for colony-forming units (CFU) per milliliter in a urine sample?

$$\text{CFU/ml} = \frac{\text{Number of colonies}}{\text{Volume plated (ml)}}$$

Question 1

Which structure is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood and forming urine?

Accepted Answer

Nephron

Question 2

Why are urinary tract infections (UTIs) more common in females than in males?

Accepted Answer

Females have a shorter urethra, making it easier for bacteria to reach the bladder.

Question 3

Which pathogen is most commonly responsible for cystitis (urinary bladder infection)?

Accepted Answer

Escherichia coli

Question 4

A patient presents with fever, back pain, and a positive leukocyte esterase (LE) test. Which diagnosis is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Pyelonephritis

Question 5

What is the primary virulence factor that allows Escherichia coli to cause urinary tract infections?

Accepted Answer

Flagella and attachment fimbriae

Question 6

Why does insertion of a urinary catheter increase the likelihood of cystitis?

Accepted Answer

Catheters provide a surface for biofilm formation by bacteria.

Question 7

Which diagnostic criteria are used for cystitis?

Accepted Answer

Presence of \u003e100 CFU/ml of potential pathogens and a positive LE test

Question 8

Which organism is most commonly associated with bacterial vaginosis and the presence of clue cells?

Accepted Answer

Gardnerella vaginalis

Question 9

What distinguishes vaginosis from vaginitis?

Accepted Answer

Vaginosis lacks signs of inflammation, while vaginitis involves inflammation.

Question 10

Which treatment is recommended for vaginal candidiasis?

Accepted Answer

Azole or fluconazole

Question 11

Which sexually transmitted infection is most likely to cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women?

Accepted Answer

Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis

Question 12

Which stage of syphilis is characterized by painless, highly infectious sores at the site of infection?

Accepted Answer

Primary syphilis

Question 13

A patient with chronic abdominal pain and a history of sexually transmitted infections is diagnosed with salpingitis. What is the most serious complication associated with this condition?

Accepted Answer

Infertility or ectopic pregnancy due to scarring

Question 14

Which diagnostic test is used to detect chlamydial infections?

Accepted Answer

Detection of chlamydial DNA by PCR

Question 15

Why are penicillins and cephalosporins ineffective against Chlamydia infections?

Accepted Answer

Chlamydia lacks a peptidoglycan cell wall targeted by these antibiotics.

Question 16

Which viral sexually transmitted disease is most strongly associated with increased risk of cervical cancer?

Accepted Answer

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

Question 17

What is the recommended prevention strategy for sexually transmitted infections (STIs)?

Accepted Answer

Abstinence or mutual monogamy

Question 18

Which equation best represents the calculation for colony-forming units (CFU) per milliliter in a urine sample?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{CFU/ml} = \frac{	ext{Number of colonies}}{	ext{Volume plated (ml)}}$$

Question 19

Why are DNA viruses, such as herpesviruses and papillomaviruses, more likely to cause recurrent diseases and cancers than RNA viruses?

Accepted Answer

DNA viruses integrate into the host genome, allowing for latency and potential oncogenesis.

Question 20

A newborn girl is less likely to contract vaginal infections than a three-year-old. What is the most likely explanation?

Accepted Answer

Newborns have maternal antibodies and a different microbiome due to hormone levels.

Microbial Diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems: Structured Study Notes

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