Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes the normal microbiota of the urinary and reproductive systems in healthy adults?

Accepted Answer

The urinary bladder and upper urinary tract are sterile, while the female reproductive tract contains a variety of microbes, predominantly Lactobacilli.

Question 2

A patient presents with painful urination and a discharge of pus from the urethra. Laboratory tests reveal a Gram-negative diplococcus. Which organism is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Question 3

Which of the following is a key function of Lactobacilli in the female reproductive tract?

Accepted Answer

Production of $$\mathrm{H_2O_2}$$ and lactic acid, which help maintain a low pH and inhibit pathogen growth.

Question 4

Which sexually transmitted infection is caused by an intracellular Gram-negative bacterium and is often asymptomatic in females?

Accepted Answer

Chlamydia trachomatis

Question 5

A newborn develops conjunctivitis and potential blindness after passing through the birth canal of an infected mother. Which infection is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Gonorrhea (Ophthalmia neonatorum)

Question 6

Which stage of syphilis is characterized by the formation of gummas and neurological symptoms such as seizures and stroke?

Accepted Answer

Tertiary stage

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why HIV-infected individuals are at increased risk for opportunistic infections?

Accepted Answer

HIV destroys CD4 T-cells, weakening the immune system and allowing opportunistic pathogens to cause disease.

Question 8

A patient presents with a painless ulcer on the genitals that appeared 3 weeks after unprotected sexual contact. Which stage of syphilis is this, and what is the lesion called?

Accepted Answer

Primary stage; chancre

Question 9

Which of the following is the most effective way to prevent the transmission of most sexually transmitted bacterial infections?

Accepted Answer

Consistent and correct use of condoms

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV/AIDS management?

Accepted Answer

ART suppresses viral replication, extending life expectancy but does not cure the infection.

Question 11

A sexually active young woman presents with pelvic pain and abnormal vaginal discharge. She is diagnosed with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Which two bacterial pathogens are most commonly associated with PID?

Accepted Answer

Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis

Question 12

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection?

Accepted Answer

Painful vesicles on the genitals that may recur due to viral latency in nerve cells

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why the incidence of drug-resistant gonorrhea is a growing public health concern?

Accepted Answer

Neisseria gonorrhoeae has developed resistance to nearly all antibiotics previously used, leaving only one recommended treatment.

Question 14

A patient with untreated syphilis develops cardiovascular symptoms and soft tumor-like growths years after initial infection. What are these growths called?

Accepted Answer

Gummas

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the transmission route of HIV?

Accepted Answer

Contact with body fluids such as blood, semen, and vaginal secretions

Question 16

Which of the following is a common sign or symptom of cystitis?

Accepted Answer

Inflammation of the bladder, often with dysuria and increased urinary frequency

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why estrogen promotes the growth of Lactobacilli in the female reproductive tract?

Accepted Answer

Estrogen increases glycogen production in vaginal epithelial cells, which Lactobacilli ferment to produce lactic acid.

Question 18

A patient is diagnosed with pyelonephritis. Which structure is primarily affected?

Accepted Answer

Kidneys

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of elementary bodies in Chlamydia trachomatis infection?

Accepted Answer

They are the infectious form that binds to host cells and initiates infection.

Microbial Diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems

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