Question 1

Which of the following mechanisms is NOT a natural defense of the urinary system against infection?

Accepted Answer

Presence of a thick mucus layer in the urethra

Question 2

A patient presents with fever, back pain, and a positive leukocyte esterase (LE) test. Urine culture reveals $$\u003e10^5$ CFUs/mL of E. coli. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Pyelonephritis

Question 3

Which of the following is the most common cause of nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) in the United States?

Accepted Answer

Chlamydia trachomatis

Question 4

A woman is diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis. Which of the following findings is most characteristic of this condition?

Accepted Answer

Fishy odor, gray-white frothy discharge, and clue cells

Question 5

Which of the following sexually transmitted infections is most likely to cause a painless chancre at the site of infection?

Accepted Answer

Syphilis

Question 6

A patient with a history of unprotected sex presents with a painless genital ulcer that resolved spontaneously, followed weeks later by a generalized rash on the palms and soles. Which stage of syphilis is the patient most likely experiencing now?

Accepted Answer

Secondary syphilis

Question 7

Which of the following is a major risk factor for developing bacterial vaginosis?

Accepted Answer

Douching and new or multiple sexual partners

Question 8

Which of the following statements about HIV is CORRECT?

Accepted Answer

HIV uses reverse transcriptase to convert its RNA genome into DNA

Question 9

A patient with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count of 150 cells/μL and develops Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. According to CDC criteria, what is the patient’s disease status?

Accepted Answer

AIDS

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why HIV is difficult to eradicate from the body?

Accepted Answer

It forms a latent provirus in host cell DNA and mutates rapidly

Question 11

A 25-year-old woman presents with copious, frothy, greenish-yellow vaginal discharge and vaginal tenderness. Microscopy reveals motile protozoa. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Trichomoniasis

Question 12

Which of the following is the primary treatment for a urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by E. coli?

Accepted Answer

Nitrofurantoin

Question 13

Which of the following is a common complication of untreated pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)?

Accepted Answer

Infertility due to scarring of uterine tubes

Question 14

Which of the following is the most effective way to prevent most sexually transmitted infections (STIs)?

Accepted Answer

Consistent use of condoms

Question 15

A patient is diagnosed with genital herpes. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding this infection?

Accepted Answer

It can be transmitted even when lesions are not visible

Question 16

Which of the following drugs is used as a first-line treatment for syphilis?

Accepted Answer

Benzathine penicillin

Question 17

A patient with a history of multiple sexual partners presents with warts in the genital area. Which virus is most likely responsible, and what is a key preventive measure?

Accepted Answer

Human papillomavirus; vaccination with the nine-valent HPV vaccine

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of integrase inhibitors in HIV therapy?

Accepted Answer

They inhibit the integration of viral DNA into the host genome

Question 19

A patient is diagnosed with vulvovaginal candidiasis. Which of the following is a common predisposing factor?

Accepted Answer

Recent antibiotic therapy

Question 20

Which of the following is a key reason why nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) are preferred for early HIV diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

They detect viral RNA before antibodies are present

Microbial Diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems

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