$$\text{UTI if: bacteria/ml} \u003e 1,000 \text{ or coliforms/ml} \u003e 100$$

Question 1

Which microorganism is most commonly responsible for cystitis in females, and what is a key diagnostic threshold for infection in urine samples?

Accepted Answer

Escherichia coli; \u003e1,000 bacteria/ml or 100 coliforms/ml urine

Question 2

Why are women more susceptible to urinary tract infections (UTIs) compared to men, based on anatomical and behavioral factors?

Accepted Answer

The proximity of the urethral opening to the anus and careless hygiene practices increase risk

Question 3

Which of the following is a major complication of untreated gonorrhea in males?

Accepted Answer

Blockage of the urethra and sterility

Question 4

A patient presents with a painless hard chancre at the site of infection. Which stage of syphilis is this, and what is the causative agent?

Accepted Answer

Primary syphilis; Treponema pallidum

Question 5

Which diagnostic method is used for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis in patients suspected of nongonococcal urethritis (NGU)?

Accepted Answer

Detection of chlamydial DNA in urine

Question 6

What is the most common curable STI in young women, and what is a characteristic symptom?

Accepted Answer

Trichomoniasis; frothy, yellow-green vaginal discharge with strong odor

Question 7

Which HPV types are most strongly associated with cervical and penile cancer, and what preventive measure is recommended?

Accepted Answer

HPV 16 and 18; vaccination with Gardasil or Cervarix for boys and girls aged 9–26

Question 8

A newborn presents with notched incisors, keratitis, and deafness. Which disease is most likely, and what is the mechanism of transmission?

Accepted Answer

Congenital syphilis; T. pallidum crosses the placenta

Question 9

Which equation best represents the threshold for diagnosing a urinary tract infection based on bacterial count?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{UTI if: bacteria/ml} \u003e 1,000 	ext{ or coliforms/ml} \u003e 100$$

Question 10

Which of the following statements about genital herpes is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

The virus can enter a latent stage in nerve cells, causing lifelong infection

Question 11

A sexually active woman under 25 years old should be screened annually for which STI, and why?

Accepted Answer

Chlamydia; because most cases are asymptomatic and can lead to PID

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a possible complication of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)?

Accepted Answer

Blockage of the urethra in males

Question 13

What is the primary method of prevention for sexually transmitted infections (STIs)?

Accepted Answer

Highly effective barrier methods such as condoms

Question 14

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the diagnosis and treatment of syphilis?

Accepted Answer

Darkfield microscopy and serological assays are used for diagnosis

Question 15

A patient with genital warts is concerned about cancer risk. Which test and preventive measure should be recommended?

Accepted Answer

DNA test for cancer-causing HPV strains; vaccination with Gardasil or Cervarix

Question 16

Which of the following statements about Trichomonas vaginalis is correct?

Accepted Answer

Diagnosis is based on observation of motile protozoa in purulent discharges

Question 17

Which of the following is a reason why antibiotic-sensitivity tests may be required before treating cystitis?

Accepted Answer

Multiple bacterial species can cause cystitis, and resistance is common

Question 18

Which equation best describes the relationship between the number of new STI cases and the cost of control in the US?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Cost} = 	ext{Number of cases} 	imes 	ext{Average cost per case}$$

Question 19

Which of the following is a plausible explanation for the lack of immunity build-up in gonorrhea?

Accepted Answer

N. gonorrhoeae has a high mutation rate and antigenic variation

Microbial Diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems

Study Guide - Practice Questions