Question 1

Which of the following best describes the structure of DNA in most bacteria?

Accepted Answer

A single circular molecule of double-stranded DNA

Question 2

During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the double helix?

Accepted Answer

DNA helicase

Question 3

Which of the following statements about complementary base pairing in DNA is correct?

Accepted Answer

Adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine

Question 4

Which process is described by the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

DNA → RNA → Protein

Question 5

What is the role of Okazaki fragments during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

They are short DNA fragments synthesized on the lagging strand

Question 6

Which of the following is true about transcription in prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Transcription and translation can occur simultaneously

Question 7

A mutation changes a DNA sequence from 5'-ATG-3' to 5'-ATA-3'. What is the effect on the protein product?

Accepted Answer

The start codon is changed, possibly preventing translation initiation

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why DNA replication is described as 'semiconservative'?

Accepted Answer

Each new DNA molecule consists of one old and one new strand

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a function of plasmids in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Encoding ribosomal RNA for protein synthesis

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct description of the directionality of nucleic acid synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Both DNA and RNA are synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction

Question 11

Which of the following is a real-life consequence of horizontal gene transfer via plasmids in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Rapid spread of antibiotic resistance among bacterial populations

Question 12

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in gene expression?

Accepted Answer

Transcription → Translation → Protein synthesis

Question 13

Which of the following statements about mRNA codons is correct?

Accepted Answer

There are 64 possible codons, but only 20 amino acids

Question 14

A bacterial cell is exposed to an antibiotic. Only those cells with a specific plasmid survive. What process most likely allowed the spread of this plasmid to other cells?

Accepted Answer

Conjugation

Question 15

Which of the following is a key difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA is usually double-stranded, while RNA is usually single-stranded

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

It brings specific amino acids to the ribosome based on the mRNA codon

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of pre-transcriptional control in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of gene transcription based on environmental needs

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

They remove introns and splice exons together in mRNA processing

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why gene regulation is important for bacterial cells?

Accepted Answer

It conserves energy by producing proteins only when needed

Question 20

Which of the following processes involves the uptake of naked DNA from the environment by a bacterial cell?

Accepted Answer

Transformation

Microbial Genetics: Structure, Function, and Expression of Genetic Material

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