Q: Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

$$\text{DNA} \rightarrow \text{RNA} \rightarrow \text{Protein}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{DNA} ightarrow 	ext{RNA} ightarrow 	ext{Protein}$$

Question 2

A mutation that results in the insertion of a single nucleotide into a gene will most likely cause which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A frameshift mutation

Question 3

Which enzyme is responsible for joining Okazaki fragments during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

DNA ligase

Question 4

In bacteria, what is the primary difference between the leading and lagging strands during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

The leading strand is synthesized continuously, while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously.

Question 5

Which of the following statements about plasmids is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Plasmids are self-replicating, circular DNA molecules that often carry genes for antibiotic resistance.

Question 6

Which process describes the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another via a bacteriophage?

Accepted Answer

Transduction

Question 7

What is the function of the operator region in an operon?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a binding site for the repressor protein to regulate transcription.

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why DNA polymerase has a low error rate during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

It has proofreading activity that removes incorrectly paired nucleotides.

Question 9

A bacterial cell is exposed to UV light, resulting in the formation of thymine dimers. Which enzyme can directly repair this damage using visible light?

Accepted Answer

Photolyase

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of horizontal gene transfer?

Accepted Answer

A bacterium acquires antibiotic resistance genes from another bacterium via conjugation.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes a repressible operon?

Accepted Answer

It is usually on but can be turned off when a corepressor is present.

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of microRNAs (miRNAs) in gene regulation?

Accepted Answer

They bind to mRNA, making it double-stranded and targeting it for enzymatic destruction.

Question 13

Which of the following is a clinical application of genomics?

Accepted Answer

Identifying genetic markers for disease susceptibility in patients.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of cAMP in the regulation of the lac operon?

Accepted Answer

cAMP binds to CAP, which then binds to the promoter to enhance transcription when glucose is low.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

In prokaryotes, mRNA contains introns that must be removed before translation.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes a missense mutation?

Accepted Answer

A base substitution that results in a different amino acid in the protein.

Question 17

Which of the following is the best example of positive (direct) selection for mutants?

Accepted Answer

Growing bacteria on a medium containing an antibiotic to identify resistant mutants.

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of transposase?

Accepted Answer

It cuts and reseals DNA during the movement of transposons.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why mutagens increase the mutation rate?

Accepted Answer

They damage DNA or overwhelm repair systems, leading to more errors during replication.

Microbial Genetics: Structure, Function, and Regulation of Genetic Material

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