Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity provides a rapid, non-specific response, while adaptive immunity develops more slowly and is highly specific to particular antigens.

Question 2

A patient receives a blood transfusion and develops a severe reaction characterized by fever, chills, and hemolysis. The patient has blood type A and received type B blood. Which immunological mechanism is responsible for this reaction?

Accepted Answer

Type II hypersensitivity involving IgG or IgM antibodies binding to antigens on red blood cells.

Question 3

Which of the following is a function of neutrophils in the innate immune response?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis of bacteria and release of antimicrobial enzymes.

Question 4

Which antibody isotype is most abundant in serum and is responsible for providing long-term protection after exposure to a pathogen?

Accepted Answer

IgG

Question 5

A child is born with a genetic defect that prevents the development of functional B and T lymphocytes. Which type of immunodeficiency does this represent?

Accepted Answer

Primary immunodeficiency

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the process of inflammation?

Accepted Answer

A protective response involving increased blood flow, capillary permeability, and migration of leukocytes to the site of injury.

Question 7

Which of the following statements about live attenuated vaccines is correct?

Accepted Answer

They contain weakened pathogens that can replicate and usually provide long-lasting immunity.

Question 8

A patient develops hives and difficulty breathing within minutes after eating peanuts. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is this, and what is the primary antibody involved?

Accepted Answer

Type I hypersensitivity; IgE

Question 9

Which of the following best explains the concept of herd immunity?

Accepted Answer

When a majority of a population is immune to a disease, the spread of the disease is limited, protecting those who are not immune.

Question 10

Which of the following is a key difference between humoral and cell-mediated immunity?

Accepted Answer

Humoral immunity is mediated by antibodies produced by B cells, while cell-mediated immunity is mediated by T cells.

Question 11

A patient with a history of repeated infections is found to have a low white blood cell count after chemotherapy. What is the most likely cause of this immunodeficiency?

Accepted Answer

Secondary immunodeficiency

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of cytokines in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

Cytokines are signaling molecules that regulate the intensity and duration of immune responses.

Question 13

Which of the following blood types can safely receive type O negative ($$O^-) $$blood in a transfusion?

Accepted Answer

All blood types

Question 14

Which of the following is a characteristic of secondary exposure to an antigen in the humoral immune response?

Accepted Answer

The response is faster and produces more IgG than the primary response.

Question 15

A patient develops a red, swollen area at the site of a tuberculin skin test 48 hours after injection. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is this?

Accepted Answer

Type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the connection between the lymphatic and cardiovascular systems?

Accepted Answer

The lymphatic system returns excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream, helping maintain blood volume.

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of an autoimmune disorder?

Accepted Answer

Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 18

A patient is exposed to hepatitis B virus and receives an injection of hepatitis B immunoglobulin. Which type of immunity is this?

Accepted Answer

Artificially acquired passive immunity

Question 19

Which of the following is a cardinal sign of inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Heat (calor)

Question 20

A patient develops widespread vasodilation, hypotension, and airway constriction after exposure to an allergen. Which term best describes this condition?

Accepted Answer

Systemic anaphylaxis

Microbiology Final Exam Study Guide: Immunity, Immune Disorders, Vaccines, and Cardiovascular/Lymphatic Infections

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