$\text{urea} + \text{H}_2\text{O} \rightarrow \text{CO}_2 + \text{NH}_3$

Question 1

Which structure in a prokaryotic cell is primarily responsible for protecting the cell from osmotic lysis and contributes to pathogenicity?

Accepted Answer

Cell wall

Question 2

What is the main difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial cell walls as revealed by the Gram stain?

Accepted Answer

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer and no outer membrane

Question 3

Which of the following statements about endospores is correct?

Accepted Answer

Endospores are resistant to heat, desiccation, chemicals, and radiation

Question 4

A bacterium is placed in a hypertonic solution. What will most likely happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

Water will move out of the cell, causing it to shrink

Question 5

Which of the following is a function of the glycocalyx in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

It contributes to virulence by preventing phagocytosis

Question 6

Which equation best represents the chemical reaction catalyzed by urease in Proteus vulgaris?

Accepted Answer

$	ext{urea} + 	ext{H}_2	ext{O} ightarrow 	ext{CO}_2 + 	ext{NH}_3$

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Presence of membrane-bound organelles

Question 8

Which of the following is a selective and differential medium used to identify Staphylococcus species?

Accepted Answer

Mannitol Salt Agar

Question 9

What is the primary mechanism by which alcohols exert their antimicrobial effect?

Accepted Answer

Denaturing proteins and disrupting membranes

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the process of group translocation in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

A substance is chemically modified as it is transported across the membrane

Question 11

Which of the following is a major function of the normal microbiota in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Prevention of pathogen growth and production of vitamins B and K

Question 12

Which of the following statements about biofilms is correct?

Accepted Answer

Biofilms are structured communities of microorganisms attached to surfaces

Question 13

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of eukaryotic flagella compared to prokaryotic flagella?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic flagella move in a wavelike manner due to microtubules arranged in a 9+2 array

Question 14

Which of the following is the correct equation for ATP generation by phosphorylation?

Accepted Answer

$	ext{ADP} + 	ext{P}_i + 	ext{energy} ightarrow 	ext{ATP}$

Question 15

Which of the following is a major difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor, while anaerobic respiration uses another inorganic substance

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of plasmids in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Encoding information for antibiotic resistance or toxin production

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct description of the endosymbiotic theory?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells by engulfing smaller bacteria

Question 18

Which of the following is a major function of the bacterial ribosome?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis

Question 19

Which of the following is a major difference between simple diffusion and active transport?

Accepted Answer

Active transport requires ATP and moves substances against the concentration gradient

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct equation for the oxidation of glucose in glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

$	ext{glucose} ightarrow 	ext{pyruvic acid} + 	ext{ATP} + 	ext{NADH}$

Microbiology Study Guide: Cell Structure, Classification, and Microbial Growth Control

Study Guide - Practice Questions