Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main structural difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cell walls?

Accepted Answer

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer and teichoic acids, while Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane containing LPS.

Question 2

A bacterium is observed to have a spiral shape and moves using flagella distributed over its entire surface. Which terms best describe this bacterium?

Accepted Answer

Spirillum and peritrichous

Question 3

Which of the following is a function of the bacterial glycocalyx capsule?

Accepted Answer

Prevents phagocytosis by host immune cells

Question 4

Which structure is responsible for the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells during conjugation?

Accepted Answer

Conjugation pilus

Question 5

A scientist isolates a bacterium with no true cell wall but a plasma membrane. Which group does this organism most likely belong to?

Accepted Answer

Mollicutes

Question 6

Which of the following statements about prokaryotic ribosomes is correct?

Accepted Answer

They are the site of protein synthesis and have a total size of 70S.

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why the cell wall is essential for most bacteria?

Accepted Answer

It prevents osmotic lysis by maintaining structural integrity.

Question 8

Which of the following is a unique feature of eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Presence of membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and Golgi apparatus

Question 9

A patient is diagnosed with tuberculosis. Which unique cell wall component is found in the causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

Accepted Answer

Mycolic acid

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the function of the eukaryotic rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis and transport of materials between cellular compartments

Question 11

Which of the following equations correctly represents the process of ATP synthesis by ATP synthase in the cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

$ \mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P_i} + H^+_{out} \rightarrow \mathrm{ATP} + H^+_{in} $

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizes ATP

Question 13

A bacterium is found to store iron oxides for orientation along magnetic fields. Which inclusion is responsible for this function?

Accepted Answer

Magnetosomes

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the arrangement of phospholipids in the cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

A bilayer with polar heads facing outward and nonpolar tails facing inward

Question 15

Which of the following structures is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and is directly involved in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Ribosome

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why Gram-negative bacteria are often more resistant to antibiotics than Gram-positive bacteria?

Accepted Answer

They possess an outer membrane that restricts entry of many antibiotics.

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of teichoic acids in Gram-positive bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Bind ions and provide flexibility to the cell wall

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of lysosomes in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Digestion of food particles and removal of cell debris

Question 19

A scientist observes a chain of spherical bacteria under the microscope. Which term best describes this arrangement?

Accepted Answer

Streptococci

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell Structures and Functions

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