A vegan student eats lots of ALA-rich foods (flaxseed, chia) but no fish. Which of the following is the most accurate guidance based on conversion efficiency of ALA to EPA/DHA?

• A. Consume more saturated fats to upregulate the conversion enzymes that convert ALA to EPA and DHA efficiently.
• B. Switching from ALA sources to more linoleic acid (omega‑6) rich oils will markedly improve EPA/DHA synthesis because omega‑6 stimulates omega‑3 elongation.
• C. Plant ALA is beneficial but conversion to EPA/DHA is inefficient in humans; consider algae-based DHA/EPA supplements or include fortified foods to ensure adequate long-chain omega‑3 status.
• D. High dietary ALA fully supplies EPA and DHA needs so no additional sources are necessary for long-chain omega‑3 status in humans.

Answer: (C)