Which measurement method is typically considered the most accurate for determining whole-body composition (fat mass and lean mass) in research settings?

• A. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (single-frequency consumer scale) provides research-grade accuracy comparable to DEXA without being affected by hydration or recent exercise.
• B. Underwater weighing is the only method capable of distinguishing essential fat from nonessential fat in routine clinical practice while DEXA cannot be used on adults.
• C. Skinfold calipers always produce identical results to DEXA and are therefore considered interchangeable without the need for technician training.
• D. DEXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) is generally considered one of the most accurate and widely used research-grade methods for whole-body composition.

Answer: (D)