Which measurement tool and approach would directly quantify joint range of motion for a knee extension assessment in a clinical or lab setting?

• A. Apply bioelectrical impedance analysis to the quadriceps region, because electricity flow speed is a direct surrogate for joint range of motion.
• B. Measure heart rate response during a maximal sprint to infer knee joint ROM indirectly, because cardiovascular response always indicates muscular flexibility.
• C. Use a goniometer to measure the angular displacement across the knee joint while the participant performs an active or passive extension test, ensuring consistent anatomical landmarks and test position.
• D. Use skinfold calipers at the anterior thigh to estimate hamstring flexibility because subcutaneous fat thickness correlates directly with joint mobility.

Answer: (C)