A researcher proposes that increasing dietary vitamin E will always lower oxidative DNA damage in every tissue. Critically synthesize why this claim is overly simplistic and identify at least two reasons it might not hold true.

• A. False because vitamin E is water-soluble and therefore cannot reach lipid membranes where most oxidative damage occurs; increasing it will therefore exclusively affect cytosolic enzymes and not DNA.
• B. Accurate because increasing vitamin E intake directly increases its concentration in every cellular compartment equally, ensuring universal protection against DNA oxidation in all tissues regardless of other antioxidants or metabolic context.
• C. Partially true because vitamin E will reduce oxidative DNA damage only if administered intravenously in pharmacologic doses, but dietary increases are irrelevant; therefore the researcher's dietary claim needs intravenous administration to be valid.
• D. Too simplistic because: (1) vitamin E is fat-soluble and concentrates in membranes, so it may reduce lipid oxidation but not necessarily oxidative DNA damage in the nucleus or mitochondria without appropriate transport; (2) antioxidant effect depends on regeneration (e.g., vitamin C, glutathione); without regeneration vitamin E can become a radical itself and potentially act as a pro-oxidant in some contexts.

Answer: (D)