Skip to main content
Back

Organic Chemistry II (CHE251) Final Exam Review Topics: Comprehensive Study Notes

NotesPracticeVideo lessons

Study Guide - Learn with Videos

Curated lessons matched to your uploaded material – learn every topic step by step.

What is Organic Chemistry?

  • Organic molecules in your everyday life.
    02:08
  • Identifying organic molecules
    02:17

Atomic Structure

  • Three rules about orbitals you need to know.
    02:54
  • Understanding the hydrogen isotopes.
    03:06
  • The difference between atomic numbers and atomic mass.
    01:44

Wave Function

  • Constructive vs. destructive interference.
    03:18
  • The probability of finding electrons in a given place.
    05:41

Molecular Orbital Theory

  • Sigma bond vs. pi bond, which is stronger?
    03:25
  • What’s the difference between sigma and pi bonds?
    02:19
  • What’s the difference between atomic and molecular orbitals?
    11:25

Sigma and Pi Bonds

  • Single bonds, double bonds, and triple bonds.
    06:00
  • Sigma bonds and pi bonds
    01:05
  • Sigma bonds and pi bonds
    00:59

Octet Rule

  • LCAO model proves why Noble gases are so stable.
    03:48
  • The most important parts of the periodic table for organic chemistry
    02:24
  • How Noble gases are related to the octet rule.
    01:05

Bonding Preferences

  • What is the difference between valence and octet electrons?
    02:04
  • Understanding the hydrogen isotopes.
    08:32
  • What is a valence electron?
    02:14

Formal Charges

  • Calculate the formal charges of ALL atoms.
    02:21
  • Calculating formal and net charge.
    01:34

Skeletal Structure

  • How bondline is different from Lewis Structures.
    04:03
  • Conversion of ethanol from electron dot to bondline
    01:50

Lewis Structure

  • Drawing the Lewis Structure for N2H4.
    04:12
  • How to use Organic Chemistry to make Lewis Structures easier.
    03:49

Condensed Structural Formula

  • How to draw condensed mixed structures.
    05:21
  • How to interpret condensed structures.
    06:06

Index of Hydrogen Deficiency (Structural)

  • Is the following molecule saturated?
    00:30
  • What is the IHD of the following molecule?
    00:45
  • What index of hydrogen deficiency is.
    01:15

Constitutional Isomers

  • Isomeric Relationships
    03:28
  • Using the flowchart to determine isometric relationships.
    05:02
  • Isomeric Relationships
    02:56

Resonance Structures

  • How to draw a resonance hybrid.
    03:24
  • The rules you need for resonance:
    03:34
  • How to determine which structure is most stable.
    01:32

Hybridization

  • How carbon creates 4 partially-filled orbitals.
    02:53
  • Bond sites, hybridization, and intermediate orbitals
    04:58
  • Introduction to the reactive intermediates.
    02:47

Molecular Geometry

  • Predict the hybridization and molecular geometry
    01:54
  • Molecular Geometry Explained.
    07:44

Electronegativity

  • Differences between ionic, polar and covalent bonds
    11:33

Intermolecular Forces

  • How dipole-dipole forces work.
    01:46
  • How IMFs are related to melting and boiling points.
    03:08
  • How Van der Waals forces work.
    03:01

Solubility

  • Introducing common solvents and other molecules in organic chemistry.
    02:01
  • Understanding “like dissolves like”.
    01:47

Functional Groups

  • Assigning Degrees to Alkyl Halides
    01:30
  • Why we need functional groups.
    01:49
  • The difference between aldehydes and ketones.
    03:08

Reaction Mechanism

  • How to tell if charged molecules will react as nucleophiles or electrophiles.
    02:39
  • Nucleophile or Electrophile
    01:49
  • How to tell if uncharged molecules will react as nucleophiles or electrophiles.
    02:48

Acid and Base Definitions

  • Lewis vs. Bronsted-Lowry Definition
    07:46
  • The Bronsted-Lowry definition of acids and bases.
    00:54
  • Equilibrium constant and conjugates.
    02:11

Equilibrium Constant and pKa

  • The pH scale vs. the pKa scale.
    02:15
  • The relationship between equilibrium constant and pKa.
    02:19
  • Why we use pKa instead of pH.
    01:46

pKa Values

  • Identifying pKa values
    07:45
  • The 12 pKa values you want to memorize (because they are important!).
    09:36

Acid Base Equilibrium

  • The 3 steps for determining the direction of acid and base equilibrium.
    05:11
  • Determining Acid/Base Equilibrium
    04:00
  • Determining Acid/Base Equilibrium
    02:34

Factors Affecting Acidity

  • Which of the oxides is the most basic?
    00:30
  • The 3 factors that determine the strength of inductive effects.
    03:09
  • Using Inductive Effect to determine acidity
    01:54

Alkane Nomenclature

  • Naming the root chain
    01:02
  • Provide the IUPAC name for the following alkane
    07:08
  • The different parts of an IUPAC name
    03:43

Alkyl Groups

  • Name the following alkane
    02:33
  • Understanding Non-IUPAC Substituents
    06:42
  • Name the following alkane
    03:56

Naming Cycloalkanes

  • Name the following alkane
    00:53
  • Determining Root Name
    00:18
  • Determining Root Name
    00:34

Naming Alkyl Halides

  • How to name alkyl halides
    01:52
  • Name the following alkyl halide
    01:58
  • Name the following alkyl halide
    03:53

Naming Alkenes

  • Name the following alkene
    02:04
  • How to name alkenes and alkynes
    01:55

Cis vs Trans

  • Why we need to use the E/Z naming system
    02:07
  • What does E and Z stand for?
    00:50
  • How to name different types of double bonds or rings
    04:28

Conformational Isomers

  • Understanding what a conformer is.
    03:29

Newman Projections

  • How to draw a Newman Projection Energy Diagram.
    07:27
  • How sigma bond rotation is visualized
    03:11
  • The energy states of 3 different Newman Projections.
    03:51

Drawing Newman Projections

  • Step 6 to Drawing Newman Projections
    01:31
  • Step 5 to Drawing Newman Projections
    01:51
  • Step 3 to Drawing Newman Projections
    00:28

Barrier To Rotation

  • 4 Values You Should Memorize
    02:54
  • Determining energy cost of eclipsed interaction
    03:00

Ring Strain

  • Understanding Heat of Combustion
    01:11
  • What is torsional strain?
    02:00
  • Lowest Heat of Combustion
    02:34

Axial vs Equatorial

  • What is a chair conformation?
    01:05
  • How chairs flip from one conformation to another
    02:22
  • How chairs flip from one conformation to another
    04:26

Cis vs Trans Conformations

  • Is the following cyclohexane cis or trans?
    00:44
  • How to draw chairs.
    01:18
  • Is the following cyclohexane cis or trans?
    00:27

Equatorial Preference

  • Equatorial Preference
    04:02
  • Draw the following chair in the most stable conformation.
    03:17

Chair Flip

  • The 3 important factors when drawing chairs
    05:12

Calculating Energy Difference Between Chair Conformations

  • Explaining how A-Values are related to cyclohexane flip energy
    09:55

A-Values

  • Calculating Chair Equilibrium
    06:27

Decalin

  • How to determine the stability of a decalin.
    03:52
  • Draw the following decalin as a chair conformation in the most stable conformation.
    03:14

Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

  • Distinguishing between Oxidation and Reduction
    00:54
  • Distinguishing between Oxidation and Reduction
    01:18
  • Distinguishing between Oxidation and Reduction
    00:54

Types of Isomers

  • Determining when molecules are conformers.
    01:39
  • Determining when molecules are different.
    03:51
  • Determining when molecules are constitutional isomers.
    01:33

Chirality

  • Drawing Mirror Images and Determining Chirality
    03:24
  • What is chirality?
    05:10
  • Drawing Mirror Images and Determining Chirality
    03:44

Chirality Test 1 - Internal Line of Symmetry

  • Determining Chirality with Plane of Symmetry
    00:25
  • Determining Chirality with Plane of Symmetry
    01:10
  • How and when to use the internal line of symmetry test.
    01:25

Chirality Test 2 - Stereocenters

  • Determining Chirality using Stereocenter
    02:25
  • Determining Chirality using Stereocenter
    00:36
  • The difference between chiral and trigonal centers.
    02:38

Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Nomenclature

  • R and S Naming- Step 4
    03:07
  • Why stereoisomers need their own naming system.
    01:48
  • Determining Priorities
    01:19

Types of Stereoisomers

  • Determine total number of stereoisomers
    00:49
  • How to predict the total number of stereoisomers.
    01:03
  • Draw stereoisomers and determine relationship
    07:41

Meso Compounds

  • Defining meso compounds.
    01:40
  • The 3 rules of meso compounds.
    04:10
  • Which of the following molecules are meso?
    03:44

Chirality Test 3 - Disubstituted Cycloalkanes Shortcuts

  • Is the following disubstituted cyclobutane chiral?
    00:35
  • Three types of disubstituted cycloalkanes
    03:52
  • Is the following disubstituted cyclopropane chiral?
    00:22

Isometric Relationships

  • Same atoms, same connectivity, 1 chiral center.
    01:40
  • Same atoms, same connectivity, 1 or more trigonal centers.
    02:05
  • Different atoms or different connectivity.
    01:41

Fischer Projection

  • Introduction to different projections.
    01:15
  • How to convert Fischer projections into bondline structures
    05:45
  • Convert the following Fischer projection into bondline structure.
    03:38

Fischer Configurations

  • R and S rule for Fischer Projections.
    02:32
  • Determining Absolute Configurations
    05:25

Optical Activity

  • Specific rotation vs. observed rotation.
    05:43

Enantiomeric Excess

  • Calculating Enantiomeric Excess and Observed Rotation
    00:50
  • How to calculate enantiomeric excess.
    04:21
  • Calculating Enantiomeric Excess and Observed Rotation
    03:59

Calculations with Enantiomeric Percentages

  • Calculating EE, percent of each enantiomer, and sketching mixture
    03:08
  • How to solve for the percentage of each enantiomer.
    03:23

Overview of Chemical Reactions

  • Recognizing Substitution Reactions.
    01:34
  • Recognizing Acid-Base Reactions.
    02:43
  • Recognizing Elimination Reactions.
    00:40

Energy Diagram

  • Favorability and rate of Free Energy Diagrams
    01:14
  • Favorability and rate of Free Energy Diagrams
    00:34
  • Favorability and rate of Free Energy Diagrams
    02:18

Gibbs Free Energy

  • Intermediates vs. Transition States
    06:55
  • Breaking down the different terms of the Gibbs Free Energy equation.
    05:02

Enthalpy

  • How to calculate enthalpy using bond dissociation energies.
    04:09
  • Calculating Enthalpies
    04:38

Entropy

  • 3 ways to increase entropy.
    07:11
  • Explaining what entropy is.
    02:46

Introduction to Substitution

  • Predict the product
    05:55
  • Nucleophiles and Electrophiles can react in Bronsted-Lowry Reactions.
    05:01
  • Nucleophiles and Electrophiles can react in Substitution Reactions.
    01:47

Leaving Groups

  • Predict the best leaving group
    00:50
  • Predict the best leaving group
    01:12
  • Predict the best leaving group
    00:36

The SN2 Mechanism

  • Ranking reactivity toward SN2
    04:03
  • Drawing the SN2 Mechanism
    08:33
  • Understanding the properties of SN2.
    11:57

SN1 Reaction

  • Drawing the SN1 Mechanism
    10:49
  • Why highly substituted leaving groups favor SN1.
    01:13
  • Understanding the properties of SN1.
    08:16

Carbocation Intermediates – Stability

  • Determining Carbocation Stability
    05:58
  • Predicting the most stable carbocation
    01:21

Carbocation Intermediate Rearrangements

  • Alkyl Shift
    03:43
  • Understanding why carbocations shift.
    00:47
  • Hydride Shift
    03:34

Hammond Postulate

  • Defining the Hammond Postulate.
    01:30
  • Bromination explains the Hammond Postulate.
    02:58
  • Chlorination explains the Hammond Postulate.
    05:23

Substitution Comparison

  • How do we predict if the mechanism is SN1 or SN2?
    03:32

E2 Mechanism

  • Understanding the properties of E2.
    04:42
  • Drawing the E2 Mechanism.
    09:36
  • Rank reactivity toward E2
    02:03

Recognizing Different β-Hydrogens

  • Identify the number of unique products
    02:08
  • Identify the number of unique products
    03:19
  • Identify the number of unique products
    02:02

The Anti-Coplanar Requirement

  • The Anti-Coplanar Requirement
    03:19
  • Identify the completion of E2 mechanisms
    03:39
  • Identify the completion of E2 mechanisms
    01:09

The E1 Mechanism

  • Understanding the properties of E1.
    03:32
  • Drawing the E1 Mechanism.
    08:09

Solvents

  • The difference between protic vs. aprotic solvents.
    03:57
  • Identification of polarity in solvents
    01:16
  • Identification of polarity in solvents
    00:39

Leaving Groups

  • The 3 important leaving groups to know.
    07:22

Nucleophiles and Basicity

  • Understanding the difference between basicity and nucleophilicity.
    06:21

SN1 SN2 E1 E2 Chart (Big Daddy Flowchart)

  • How to predict SN2 and E2 mechanisms.
    09:52
  • How to predict SN1 and E1 mechanisms.
    06:30
  • Overview of the flowchart.
    02:27

Cumulative Substitution/Elimination

  • Intro to Substitution/Elimination Problems
    00:38

Alkene Stability

  • Heat of Combustion
    02:55
  • Understanding trends of alkene stability.
    04:28

Zaitsev Rule

  • Hofmann product
    02:39
  • Defining Zaitsev’s Rule
    01:18
  • Zaitsev product
    07:01

Dehydrohalogenation

  • The dehydrohalogenation mechanism.
    03:02
  • Dehydrohalogenation mechanism and products
    04:35

Alcohol Nomenclature

  • Provide the correct common and IUPAC name.
    01:49
  • How to name polyols.
    01:47
  • Provide the correct common and IUPAC name.
    00:59

Dehydration Reaction

  • Dehydration of 1° alcohols:The E2 Mechanism
    05:20
  • An extra note of caution with 1° alcohols.
    01:06
  • General features of acid-catalyzed dehydration.
    06:01

Alcohol Synthesis

  • Forming alcohols through SN2 reactions.
    01:44
  • Forming alcohols through Acid-Catalyzed Hydration.
    02:02
  • Forming alcohols through Hydroboration-Oxidation.
    01:37

Addition Reaction

  • Provide the mechanism
    01:15
  • Features of Addition Mechanisms.
    05:39

Markovnikov

  • Provide the mechanism
    01:26
  • How to add to asymmetrical double bonds.
    03:38

Hydrohalogenation

  • General properties of hydrohalogenation.
    04:07
  • Provide the mechanism
    02:24

Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

  • General properties of acid-catalyzed hydration.
    06:32
  • Acid-catalyzed hydration mechanism
    06:34

Oxymercuration

  • Acid-catalyzed oxymercuration-reduction mechanism
    09:01
  • General properties of oxymercuration-reduction.
    05:

Hydroboration

  • General properties of hydroboration-oxidation.
    06:38
  • Acid-catalyzed hydroboration-oxidation mechanism
    06:14

Halogenation

  • Halogenation Mechanism
    03:45
  • General properties of halogenation.
    02:27

Halohydrin

  • Halohydrin Mechanism
    04:48
  • General properties of halohydrin formation.
    01:44

Alkyne Hydrohalogenation

  • Double hydrohalogenation of alkynes.
    02:20
  • General properties of double addition reactions to alkynes.
    01:01

Alkyne Halogenation

  • Double halogenation of alkynes.
    02:15

Alkyne Hydration

  • Vinyl alcohols yield tautomers.
    03:51
  • Markovnikov addition of alcohols yields ketones.
    03:29

Alkyne Hydroboration

  • Anti-Markovnikov addition of alcohols to terminal alkynes yields aldehydes
    02:43

Acetylide

  • Understanding how to convert terminal alkynes to alkynides.
    04:19
  • Predict the final product of the following reaction sequence.
    02:29
  • Using double dehydrohalogenation to perform alkynide synthesis.
    02:57

Alkynide Synthesis

  • Predict the major product.
    03:25
  • Provide the reagents needed
    04:17
  • Predict the major product.
    05:09

Alkane Halogenation

  • Functionalizing Alkanes
    02:47

Retrosynthesis

  • Intro
    01:07

Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

  • Distinguishing between Oxidation and Reduction
    00:54
  • Distinguishing between Oxidation and Reduction
    01:18
  • Distinguishing between Oxidation and Reduction
    00:54

Hydrogenation

  • General properties of catalytic hydrogenation.
    05:21

Ozonolysis

  • General properties of ozonolysis.
    06:30

Oxidative Cleavage

  • General properties of strong oxidative cleavage.
    06:00

Epoxidation

  • Halohydrins to epoxides via intramolecular SN2.
    02:26
  • General properties of epoxidation.
    02:19
  • The mechanism of how peroxy acids make epoxides.
    03:19

Dihydroxylation

  • General properties of syn vicinal dihydroxylation.
    03:50
  • Predict the product for the following multi-step reaction.
    04:42

Birch Reduction

  • Regiospecific products
    02:51
  • Birch Reduction Mechanism
    04:40

Purpose of Analytical Techniques

  • Reason for Analytical Methods
    05:41

Mass Spectrometry

  • Equipment and Theory
    10:48
  • How to Read a Mass Spectrum
    01:25

Infrared Spectroscopy

  • General Features of IR Spect
    16:04

NMR Spectroscopy

  • General NMR Features
    10:06

Radical Reaction

  • What are Radical Initiators?
    03:49
  • Heterolytic vs. Homolytic Bond Cleavage .
    04:39

Radical Stability

  • The radical stability trend.
    03:43
  • Determine which of the following radicals is the most stable.
    03:25

Free Radical Halogenation

  • The one reaction that alkanes will actually undergo.
    02:05
  • Explaining the following problem.
    00:34
  • Show the entire chain reaction mechanism.
    04:08

Radical Selectivity

  • Predict the Product.
    00:48
  • Predict the Product.
    01:02
  • Using the Hammond Postulate to describe radical chlorination.
    03:03

Allylic Bromination

  • Predict the product(s) of the following reaction.
    04:28
  • Mechanism of Allylic Bromination.
    00:54
  • The products of Allylic Chlorination.
    00:48

Anti Markovnikov Addition of Br

  • Provide the complete mechanism for the following radical hydrohalogenation.
    02:53
  • How Radical Hydrohalogenation is different from typical Hydrohalogenation.
    07:13
  • Overview of Hydrohalogention.
    01:18

Free Radical Polymerization

  • General features of Radical Polymerization.
    02:44
  • The mechanism of Radical Polymerization.
    03:28
  • Use the polymerization mechanism to draw the polymer formula for the following compound.
    02:20

Radical Synthesis

  • Predict the MAJOR product.
    04:12
  • Predict the MAJOR product.
    04:28

Conjugation Chemistry

  • Conjugated states
    03:27
  • Definition of Conjugation
    05:29
  • Review of Common Resonance Structures
    04:50

Stability of Conjugated Intermediates

  • Stability of Conjugated Intermediates
    04:31

Allylic Halogenation

  • Specific Reactions - Allylic Chlorination
    03:
  • Allylic Halogentation - General Mechanism
    07:50
  • Specific Reactions - Allylic Bromination
    03:20

Reactions at the Allylic Position

  • Guided course
    Reactions at the Allylic Position Example 1
    2:01
  • Guided course
    Reactions at the Allylic Position Concept 4
    3:07
  • Guided course
    Reactions at the Allylic Position Concept 1
    1:26

Conjugated Hydrohalogenation (1,2 vs 1,4 addition)

  • 1,2 vs. 1,4 products
    03:06
  • 1,2 vs. 1,4 products
    02:13
  • Kinetic vs. Thermodynamic Control
    08:51

Diels-Alder Reaction

  • General Features
    09:48

Aromaticity

  • Intro to Aromaticity
    08:19

Huckel's Rule

  • Four tests
    10:23

Pi Electrons

  • Count the pi electrons present
    00:19
  • Count the pi electrons present
    00:12
  • Counting pi electrons
    01:33

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

  • Determine the aromaticity
    00:39
  • Determine the aromaticity
    01:06
  • Determine the aromaticity
    02:58

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution

  • EAS General Mechanism
    06:52
  • EAS Review
    03:07

Benzene Reactions

  • EAS Reactions Overview
    11:50

EAS:Halogenation Mechanism

  • EAS Halogenation
    06:26

EAS:Nitration Mechanism

  • Reduction of Nitro Groups
    03:23
  • EAS Nitration
    06:09

EAS:Friedel-Crafts Alkylation Mechanism

  • Friedel-Crafts Alkylation
    06:30

EAS:Friedel-Crafts Acylation Mechanism

  • Friedel-Crafts Acylation
    05:20

Electron Withdrawing Groups

  • Badass Activity Chart
    11:55
  • Activity and Directing Effects
    04:29

EAS:Ortho vs. Para Positions

  • Ortho, Para major products
    04:42

Side-Chain Halogenation

  • Side-Chain Halogenations
    06:14

Side-Chain Oxidation

  • Benzylic Oxidation
    03:20
  • Which alkylbenzene would NOT yield benzoic acid, treated with KMnO4
    00:49

Reactions at Benzylic Positions

  • Guided course
    Reactions at Benzylic Positions Example 3
    1:12
  • Guided course
    Reactions at Benzylic Positions Example 2
    2:03
  • Guided course
    Reactions at Benzylic Positions Concept 1
    1:01

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution

  • The Meisenheimer Complex
    06:23
  • Which ipso-substitution is more favored
    03:30
  • General Mechanism
    06:45

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

  • Guided course
    Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones Concept 2
    1:57
  • Guided course
    Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones Concept 1
    1:47
  • Guided course
    Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones Example 1
    3:00

Reactions of Pyrrole, Furan, and Thiophene

  • Guided course
    Reactions of Pyrrole, Furan, and Thiophene Concept 2
    3:45
  • Guided course
    Reactions of Pyrrole, Furan, and Thiophene Example 2
    1:31
  • Guided course
    Reactions of Pyrrole, Furan, and Thiophene Concept 1
    2:36

Directing Effects in Substituted Pyrroles, Furans, and Thiophenes

  • Guided course
    Directing Effects in Substituted Pyrroles, Furans, and Thiophenes Concept 2
    3:26
  • Guided course
    Directing Effects in Substituted Pyrroles, Furans, and Thiophenes Example 1
    1:20
  • Guided course
    Directing Effects in Substituted Pyrroles, Furans, and Thiophenes Concept 1
    2:02

EAS Reactions of Pyridine

  • Guided course
    EAS Reactions of Pyridine Concept 3
    3:22
  • Guided course
    EAS Reactions of Pyridine Example 1
    1:18
  • Guided course
    EAS Reactions of Pyridine Concept 2
    2:53

SNAr Reactions of Pyridine

  • Guided course
    SNAr Reactions of Pyridine Concept 2
    1:07
  • Guided course
    SNAr Reactions of Pyridine Example 2
    1:04
  • Guided course
    SNAr Reactions of Pyridine Example 1
    3:57

Side-Chain Reactions of Substituted Pyridines

  • Guided course
    Side-Chain Reactions of Substituted Pyridines Concept 1
    2:36
  • Guided course
    Side-Chain Reactions of Substituted Pyridines Example 1
    1:32
  • Guided course
    Side-Chain Reactions of Substituted Pyridines Example 3
    1:57

Nucleophilic Addition

  • Nucleophilic Addition
    08:27

Alcohol Protecting Groups

  • General features of Alcohol Protecting Groups.
    03:01

Preparation of Organometallics

  • Ruining Organometallics
    02:50
  • General Reaction
    12:21

Grignard Reaction

  • Reactions of Organometallics
    13:40

Organometallics on Ketones

  • Nucleophilic Addition on Ketones and Aldehydes
    03:57
  • Organometallic on Aldehyde
    03:21

Protecting Alcohols from Organometallics

  • Use of Protecting Groups
    04:34
  • Provide mechanism and final product of transformation.
    04:45

Carboxylation

  • Carbonation of Grignard Reagents
    02:12

Naming Aldehydes

  • Name the aldehyde
    01:34
  • Name the aldehyde
    03:17
  • Nomenclature
    03:11

Naming Ketones

  • Name the ketone
    01:58
  • Nomenclature
    03:05
  • Name the ketone
    02:27

Cyanohydrin

  • Nitrile Reduction
    02:36
  • Nitrile Hydrolysis
    02:22
  • Addition of Cyanide
    03:53

Wittig Reaction

  • Box-Out Method and Full-Mechanism
    15:39

Hydrates

  • Show the mechanism, predict the equilibrium
    01:57
  • Mechanism
    04:10

Hemiacetal

  • Acid-Catalzed Mechanism
    04:08
  • Base-Catalyzed Mechanism
    01:59
  • General Features
    03:34

Acetal

  • General Mechanism
    06:41

Acetal Protecting Group

  • Protecting Groups
    02:44
  • Acetal Protecting Group
    04:29

Thioacetal

  • Raney Nickel Reduction
    03:17
  • Thioacetals and Raney Nickel Reduction
    03:35

Imine vs Enamine

  • Imine Mechanism
    06:23
  • Enamine Mechanism
    06:25
  • General Reactions
    02:27

Addition of Amine Derivatives

  • Ammonia Derivatives
    02:49
  • Brady's Reagent
    02:37

Ketone and Aldehyde Synthesis Reactions

    Naming Carboxylic Acids

    • Give the IUPAC name
      02:03
    • Carboxylic Acids Nomenclature
      04:20

    Diacid Nomenclature

    • Nomenclature of Diacids
      01:22

    Naming Nitriles

    • Name the structure
      00:50
    • Nitrile Nomenclature
      01:01
    • Draw the molecule
      00:28

    Nitrile to Ketone

    • Mechanism
      07:25
    • General Reaction
      01:38

    Review of Nitriles

    • Guided course
      Review of Nitriles Concept 7
      1:05
    • Guided course
      Review of Nitriles Concept 5
      0:42
    • Guided course
      Review of Nitriles Concept 1
      0:59

    Acid Chloride Nomenclature

    • Acid Chloride Nomenclature
      03:13
    • Provide the IUPAC name for the molecule
      01:44
    • Draw the Acid-Chloride
      00:37

    Naming Anhydrides

    • Draw the molecule
      00:40
    • Anhydride Nomenclature
      03:35
    • Provide the IUPAC name for the molecule
      02:47

    Naming Esters

    • Draw the molecule
      01:28
    • Name the structure
      01:10
    • Ester Nomenclature
      02:39

    Naming Amides

    • Amide Nomenclature
      01:33
    • Name the molecule
      02:46
    • Draw the amide
      01:28

    Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

    • Intro to Nucleophilic Acyl Substituion
      04:06
    • Intro to Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
      03:50

    Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution

    • NAS - The Three Rules
      09:32

    Carboxylic Acid to Acid Chloride

    • Synthesis of Acid Chlorides
      01:36
    • Hydrolysis of Nitriles
      01:11
    • Synthesis of Amides
      02:32

    Lactones, Lactams and Cyclization Reactions

    • Lactones and Lactams
      05:19
    • Cyclic Anhydrides and Imides
      03:35
    • Cyclization Reaction
      01:33

    Fischer Esterification

    • General Mechanism
      04:08
    • General Reaction
      01:08

    Acid-Catalyzed Ester Hydrolysis

    • General Mechanism
      02:38
    • General Reaction
      01:31

    Saponification

    • Mechanism
      03:27

    Transesterification

    • General Mechanism
      02:27
    • General Reaction
      02:49

    Tautomerization

    • Tautomerization Mechanisms
      05:11
    • Unusual Acidity of the Alpha Carbon
      01:51

    Enolate

    • General Reactions
      02:28
    • Formation of Enolates
      02:26

    Acid-Catalyzed Alpha-Halogentation

    • Acid Catalyzed
      03:09

    Base-Catalyzed Alpha-Halogentation

    • Base Catalyzed
      01:57

    Haloform Reaction

    • Haloform Reaction
      03:50

    Hell-Volhard-Zelinski Reaction

      Decarboxylation Mechanism

      • Predict the correct structure
        02:32
      • General Mechanism
        04:32

      Enolate Alkylation and Acylation

      • Enolates of Esters
        03:05
      • General Reaction
        01:11
      • Directed Reactions
        04:35

      Beta-Dicarbonyl Synthesis Pathway

      • General Mechanism
        07:29

      Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis

      • Predict the products
        05:16
      • General Reactions
        05:04

      Malonic Ester Synthesis

      • General Reactions
        01:25
      • Predict the Products
        04:09

      Condensation Reactions

      • Condensation Reactions
        05:53

      Aldol Condensation

      • General Features
        11:07

      Directed Condensations

      • Directed Condensations
        02:19
      • Predict the Products
        06:01

      Crossed Aldol Condensation

      • Crossed Aldol
        09:51

      Claisen-Schmidt Condensation

      • Predict the Major Product
        02:28
      • Claisen-Schmidt Reaction
        02:10

      Claisen Condensation

      • Claisen Condensation
        08:28

      Intramolecular Aldol Condensation

      • Diesters (Dieckmann Condensation)
        03:27
      • Diketones
        05:52

      Conjugate Addition

      • 1,2 vs 1,4 Addition
        09:23

      Michael Addition

      • General Mechanism
        03:27
      • General Reaction
        02:34

      Robinson Annulation

      • Predict the Major Product
        05:00
      • Robinson Annulation
        04:12