Which of the following best defines collective behavior as distinct from actions organized by social institutions?

• A. Individual decision-making that never involves emotions or social influence and is typically formally sanctioned by policy or law.
• B. Small-group routine behaviors that are repeated daily within families and workplaces according to explicit institutional mandates.
• C. Spontaneous, transient activity of large groups outside institutional structures.
• D. Coordinated long-term activities sustained by formal rules and structures like schools or courts, usually planned and institutionalized over time with predictable procedures.

Answer: (C)