Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . xxiv

Part I: System Management

CHAPTER 1: Linux Fundamentals. . . . . . . . . . . 1

Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS).. . . . . . . 1

Basic Boot Process.. . . . . . . . . . 3

Kernel Panic. . . . . . . . . . . 10

Device Types in /dev.. . . . . . . . . 10

Basic Package Compilation from Source.. . . . . . 13

./configure.. . . . . . . . . . 13

make.. . . . . . . . . . . 15

make install.. . . . . . . . . . 16

Storage Concepts.. . . . . . . . . . 16

Listing Hardware Information.. . . . . . . . 22

CHAPTER 2: Manage Files and Directories.. . . . . . . . . 27

File Editing.. . . . . . . . . . . 27

File Compression, Archiving, and Backup. . . . . . 36

File Metadata.. . . . . . . . . . . 41

Soft and Hard Links.. . . . . . . . . 43

Copying Files Between Systems.. . . . . . . 46

File and Directory Operations.. . . . . . . . 49

CHAPTER 3: Configure and Manage Storage Using the Appropriate Tools.. . . 57

Disk Partitioning.. . . . . . . . . . 57

Mounting Local and Remote Devices.. . . . . . 61

Filesystem Management. . . . . . . . . 66

Monitoring Storage Space and Disk Usage. . . . . . 70

Creating and Modifying Volumes Using Logical Volume Manager (LVM).. . . . . . . . . . 71

Inspecting RAID Implementations.. . . . . . . 75

Storage Area Network (SAN)/Network-Attached Storage (NAS). . 78

Storage Hardware.. . . . . . . . . . 82

CHAPTER 4: Configure and Use the Appropriate Processes and Services.. . . 85

System Services. . . . . . . . . . 85

Scheduling Services. . . . . . . . . . 90

Process Management. . . . . . . . . 97

CHAPTER 5: Use the Appropriate Networking Tools or Configuration Files. . . 113

Interface Management.. . . . . . . . . 113

Name Resolution.. . . . . . . . . . 122

Network Monitoring.. . . . . . . . . 127

Remote Networking Tools.. . . . . . . . 132

CHAPTER 6: Build and Install Software. . . . . . . . . 139

Package Management.. . . . . . . . . 139

Sandboxed Applications.. . . . . . . . . 149

System Updates.. . . . . . . . . . 150

Part II: Security

CHAPTER 7: Manage Software Configurations.. . . . . . . . 155

Updating Configuration Files.. . . . . . . . 155

Configure Kernel Options.. . . . . . . . 158

Configure Common System Services.. . . . . . . 165

Localization.. . . . . . . . . . . 172

CHAPTER 8: Security Best Practices in a Linux Environment.. . . . . 177

Managing Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) Certificates.. . . 177

Certificate Use Cases. . . . . . . . . 181

Authentication.. . . . . . . . . . 181

Linux Hardening.. . . . . . . . . . 188

CHAPTER 9: Implement Identity Management. . . . . . . . 201

Account Creation and Deletion. . . . . . . . 201

.bashrc. . . . . . . . . . . 212

Account Management.. . . . . . . . . 212

CHAPTER 10: Implement and Configure Firewalls.. . . . . . . . 219

Firewall Use Cases.. . . . . . . . . . 219

Common Firewall Technologies.. . . . . . . 221

Key Firewall Features.. . . . . . . . . 223

CHAPTER 11: Configure and Execute Remote Connectivity for System Management.. 227

SSH.. . . . . . . . . . . . 227

Executing Commands as Another User.. . . . . . 235

CHAPTER 12: Apply the Appropriate Access Controls. . . . . . . 241

File Permissions.. . . . . . . . . . 241

Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux).. . . . . . . 243

AppArmor.. . . . . . . . . . . 247

Command-Line Utilities.. . . . . . . . . 250

Part III: Scripting, Containers, and Automation

CHAPTER 13: Create Simple Shell Scripts to Automate Common Tasks. . . . 265

Shell Script Elements.. . . . . . . . . 265

Common Script Utilities.. . . . . . . . . 286

Environment Variables. . . . . . . . . 298

Relative and Absolute Paths.. . . . . . . . 302

CHAPTER 14: Perform Basic Container Operations. . . . . . . 305

Container Management.. . . . . . . . . 305

Container Image Operations.. . . . . . . . 312

CHAPTER 15: Perform Basic Version Control Using Git.. . . . . . . 317

Introduction to Version Control and Git.. . . . . . 317

clone.. . . . . . . . . . . . 321

push.. . . . . . . . . . . . 323

pull.. . . . . . . . . . . . 324

commit.. . . . . . . . . . . . 324

add.. . . . . . . . . . . . 325

branch/checkout.. . . . . . . . . . 325

tag.. . . . . . . . . . . . 329

gitignore.. . . . . . . . . . . 330

CHAPTER 16: Common Infrastructure as Code Technologies.. . . . . 333

File Formats. . . . . . . . . . . 334

Utilities.. . . . . . . . . . . . 335

Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment (CI/CD).. . . 338

Advanced Git Topics.. . . . . . . . . 339

CHAPTER 17: Container, Cloud, and Orchestration Concepts.. . . . . 343

Kubernetes Benefits and Application Use Cases.. . . . . 344

Single-Node, Multicontainer Use Cases. . . . . . 346

Container Persistent Storage.. . . . . . . . 346

Container Networks.. . . . . . . . . 347

Service Mesh.. . . . . . . . . . . 349

Bootstrapping. . . . . . . . . . . 350

Container Registries.. . . . . . . . . 350

Part IV: Troubleshooting

CHAPTER 18: Analyze and Troubleshoot Storage Issues.. . . . . . 353

High Latency.. . . . . . . . . . . 353

Input/Output Operations per Second (IOPS) Scenarios.. . . 354

Capacity Issues.. . . . . . . . . . 355

Filesystem Issues. . . . . . . . . . 358

I/O Scheduler. . . . . . . . . . . 359

Device Issues.. . . . . . . . . . . 360

Mount Option Problems.. . . . . . . . . 363

CHAPTER 19: Analyze and Troubleshoot Network Resource Issues.. . . . 365

Network Configuration Issues.. . . . . . . . 365

Firewall Issues.. . . . . . . . . . 367

Interface Errors.. . . . . . . . . . 367

Bandwidth Limitations. . . . . . . . . 373

Name Resolution Issues. . . . . . . . . 374

Testing Remote Systems.. . . . . . . . . 375

CHAPTER 20: Analyze and Troubleshoot Central Processing Unit (CPU) and Memory Issues. . . . 379

Runaway Processes.. . . . . . . . . . 379

Zombie Processes.. . . . . . . . . . 380

High Load Average.. . . . . . . . . . 383

High Run Queues.. . . . . . . . . . 384

CPU Times.. . . . . . . . . . . 384

CPU Process Priorities.. . . . . . . . . 384

Memory Exhaustion.. . . . . . . . . 385

Out of Memory (OOM). . . . . . . . . 385

Swapping.. . . . . . . . . . . 386

Hardware. . . . . . . . . . . 388

CHAPTER 21: Analyze and Troubleshoot User Access and File Permissions. . . 397

User Login Issues.. . . . . . . . . . 397

User File Access Issues. . . . . . . . . 400

Password Issues. . . . . . . . . . 404

Privilege Elevation.. . . . . . . . . . 405

Quota Issues. . . . . . . . . . . 405

CHAPTER 22: Use systemd to Diagnose and Resolve Common Problems with a Linux System. . . . . 411

Unit Files. . . . . . . . . . . 412

Common Problems.. . . . . . . . . . 429

9780137898558, TOC, 8/11/2022

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