MODULE 1 Introduction to Critical Thinking in Statistics ..................................................... 1
1.1 Statistics in Everyday Life ................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Detecting Bias ................................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Percentages and Proportions .............................................................................................. 7
1.4 Summarising Data ........................................................................................................... 10
1.5 What’s Normal? ............................................................................................................... 28
Â
MODULE 2 Reporting Information about a Single Variable ................................................ 34
2.1 Choosing the Right Analysis ........................................................................................... 34
2.2 Describing Distributions – Part 1 .................................................................................... 35
2.3 From Sample to Populations – Generalising from the Sample Mean ............................. 40
2.4 Describing Distributions – Part 2 .................................................................................... 49
2.5 From Samples to Populations – Generalising from the Sample Proportion.................... 51
Â
MODULE 3 What’s the Chance of That? – The Theory Behind Significance ...................... 57
3.1 From Population to Samples – The Proportion ............................................................... 57
3.2 From Sample to Possible Populations – The Proportion ................................................. 61
3.3 From Population to Samples – The Mean ....................................................................... 73
3.4 From Sample to Possible Populations – The Mean ......................................................... 74
Â
MODULE 4 Designing the Research ..................................................................................... 85
4.1 Collecting Data – The Research Design .......................................................................... 88
4.2 Designing Experiments ................................................................................................... 90
4.3 Selecting Samples ............................................................................................................ 98
Â
MODULE 5 Is Ours Bigger than Yours?: The Difference between Two Independent
Groups .................................................................................................................................. 104
5.1 Comparing Two Groups ................................................................................................ 104
5.2 From Samples to Populations – The Independent Samples t-test ................................. 110
Â
MODULE 6 Is our This Bigger than our That?: Comparing Two Measurements of the
Same Thing. .......................................................................................................................... 125
6.1 The Paired Samples t-test .............................................................................................. 126
6.2 The Assumptions Underlying the Paired Samples t-test ............................................... 134
6.3 Advantages of Repeated Measures Revisited .............