Working Scientifically

Chapter 1: Working Scientifically Toolkit

• 1.1 Questioning and predicting — 1
• 1.2 Planning scientific investigations — 9
• 1.3 Conducting scientific investigations — 18
• 1.4 Processing data and information — 25
• 1.5 Analysing data and information — 44
• 1.6 Problem solving — 58
• 1.7 Communicating — 63
• Chapter 1 review — 69

Focus Area 1: Cells as the Basis of Life

Chapter 2: Cell Structure and Functions

• 2.1 Comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells — 73
• 2.2 Contrasting plant and animal cells — 74
• 2.3 Microscopes: tools for studying cells — 82
• Chapter 2 review — 103

Chapter 3: Cells and Their Environments

• 3.1 Passive and active transport across membranes — 107
• 3.2 Key materials and their movement across cell membranes — 115
• Chapter 3 review — 126

Chapter 4: Biochemical Processes

• 4.1 Cell requirements — 135
• 4.2 Cellular respiration and photosynthesis — 142
• 4.3 Enzymes and their importance in cells — 152
• Chapter 4 review — 166

Chapter 5: Cell Division

• 5.1 The DNA molecule — 171
• 5.2 Somatic and gamete cells — 179
• 5.3 The cell cycle and mitosis — 184
• 5.4 Meiosis — 192
• 5.5 The importance of DNA replication — 198
• Chapter 5 review — 204

Focus Area 1 review — 208

Building exam skills — 216

Focus Area 2: Cells to Systems

Chapter 6: Cell Organisation

• 6.1 Structures and organisation of cells — 221
• 6.2 Hierarchical organisation in organisms — 229
• Chapter 6 review — 241

Chapter 7: Plants as Autotrophic Organisms

• 7.1 Requirements of life in plants — 245
• 7.2 Structure and function of xylem and phloem — 257
• Chapter 7 review — 268

Chapter 8: Animals as Heterotrophic Organisms

• 8.1 The digestive system — 271
• 8.2 The circulatory system and blood — 280
• 8.3 The excretory system and the kidneys — 293
• Chapter 8 review — 298

Chapter 9: Homeostasis in Humans

• 9.1 Feedback control and the maintenance of homeostasis — 301
• 9.2 Regulating blood sugar levels and the stress response — 318
• 9.3 Physiological responses and tolerance limits — 326
• Chapter 9 review — 344

Focus Area 2 review — 348

Building exam skills — 356

Focus Area 3: Evolution and Ecosystems

Chapter 10: Natural Selection

• 10.1 Evolution by natural selection — 361
• 10.2 Selective pressures — 372
• 10.3 Species diversity and evolution — 386
• 10.4 Convergent and divergent evolution — 396
• 10.5 Evolution in Australia — 405
• Chapter 10 review — 415

Chapter 11: Evolution and Adaptations

• 11.1 Adaptations for survival in different environments — 422
• 11.2 Endotherms and ectotherms — 439
• 11.3 Indigenous knowledge of local plant and animal adaptations — 444
• 11.4 Models of evolution and phylogenetic trees — 449
• 11.5 Evidence of evolution — 456
• Chapter 11 review — 467

Chapter 12: Ecosystem Dynamics

• 12.1 Investigating abiotic and biotic factors in ecosystems — 472
• 12.2 Sampling techniques — 498
• Chapter 12 review — 506

Focus Area 3 review — 509

Building exam skills — 520

Glossary — 522