Fluid Balance Practice Problems

Answer the question by choosing responses from the following:  

1) Sodium: plays a crucial role in the reabsorption of H+ ions in the kidneys.

2) Potassium: Present outside the cell in 10 times higher concentration than inside. 

3) Calcium: Its concentration in the blood is increased by parathyroid hormone (PTH). 

4) Hydrogen ions: are secreted in the renal tubules to reabsorb K+ ions. 

5) Phosphate: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) acts on the kidneys to decrease phosphate reabsorption, resulting in increased urinary excretion of phosphate. 

6) Ammonium ions: helps in the formation of urea in the DCT.   

Which of the above options correctly matches the ions with their description?

ADH affects the reabsorption of which of the following molecules in the kidneys?

The fluid volume in which of the following compartments is the highest?

Which of the following stimuli activates the hypothalamic thirst center?

Mr. Harley, a 68-year-old Jeep driver, had an accident and underwent cranial surgery. A few months after the surgery, he developed symptoms of extreme thirst with increased urination and presented to the A&E department with dehydration. The on-duty doctor gave him oral desmopressin, and his condition improved miraculously within a few hours. What do you think Mr. Harley is suffering from?

Explain how ADH helps maintain the osmolality of body fluids

Why do infants have "dewy" skin that looks like a freshly picked peach?

Hypernatremia, or an elevated sodium level in the blood, can lead to:

As the body's temperature rises, perspiration and breathing may accelerate which can cause:

The following are the direct benefits of fluid intake during and after exercise except:

Which of the following components of the ECF transports waste products, such as carbon dioxide and urea, away from the cells to be eliminated from the body?

Which anion in the ICF is an important component of the cell's primary energy currency?

Diuretics are medications that can help maintain fluid and electrolyte balance in the body. Which of the following states the impact of taking diuretics?

When the concentration of solutes in the ECF is higher than the concentration of solutes in the ICF, the solution is considered to be:

The following are the direct functions of fluid shifts except:

Which of the following gives the correct consequence of insufficient ADH production?

In patients suffering from diabetes insipidus the secretion of ADH is faulty or the kidneys are unable to respond to it. This condition leads to:

High osmotic concentration of the ECF is a signal that leads to the following:

What hormone is primarily responsible for tonicity homeostasis:

In which scenario do you expect to see elevated levels of vasopressin?

In the dehydrated state, the body produces more vasopressin. Determine the effect it will have on urine output:

For the body to remain properly hydrated, there must be regulation of water balance (i.e water intake must be equal to water loss). However, some of the water loss is considered insensible. Which of the following comes under that category?

Which of the following hormones is released when the blood becomes more concentrated (higher osmolality), such as during dehydration or excessive salt intake?

Answer the question by choosing appropriate responses from the following:  

1) Sodium: It is reabsorbed from the proximal convoluted tubule in exchange for potassium.

2) Potassium: Present outside the cell in a 10 times higher concentration than inside.  

3) Calcium: It has the least concentration in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.  

4) Hydrogen ions: They are secreted in the renal tubules to reabsorb K ⁺ ions.  

5) Phosphate: It helps regulate pH in intracellular fluid and urine. 

6) Ammonium ions: They help in the formation of urea in the DCT.  

7) Bicarbonate ion (HCO₃^- ): It maintains normal blood pH by acting as a chemical buffer. 

8) Albumin: Contains amino acid residues that can act as both weak acids and weak bases by donating and accepting H  ⁺ ions and acting as a buffer.

Which of the above options correctly matches the ions with their descriptions? 

Which principle governs water balance in the body?

Which group typically has the highest percentage of total body water?

When a drop of blood is placed in a hypertonic solution the water inside the red blood cells will:

What kind of receptors influence the sensation of thirst:

The most important source of sensible water loss is from:

The actions of ADH include the following except:

The following hormones promote water retention except:

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of dehydration?

To promote water conservation, angiotensin-II stimulates the release of a hormone that acts on the kidneys to increase water reabsorption. Which hormone is this?

During diet and exercise, a notable portion of weight loss may be attributed to the shedding of water weight. This occurs as a result of the body metabolizing stored carbohydrates, prompting the liberation of water. What metabolic process is referred to in this scenario?

Amelia was suffering from prolonged vomiting, because of which the cells lining the gastrointestinal tract started to crenate. What effect will this typically have on the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

Decreasing the total amount of water in the body means: