Electrolyte Balance Practice Problems

Which of the following hormone (s) or mechanism(s) is/are involved in the regulation of sodium content and blood pressure of the body:

When sodium intake is high, the kidneys increase sodium excretion to maintain balance. Conversely, when sodium intake is low, the kidneys reduce sodium excretion to conserve sodium and prevent a deficit. Which of the following hormones directly affects the excretion of sodium in urine?

Mr Shayan an otherwise healthy individual developed diarrhea 7 days ago. He complained about 12-14 episodes of watery stools each day. He is reluctant to take medical care and has been using home remedies to treat diarrhea. Last night he presented in the A&E department with severe cardiac arrhythmia. Which of the following could be a possible explanation for his arrhythmia?

What are the predominant ions present in the intracellular fluid?

Calcium homeostasis is regulated by which of the following hormones:

Burn patients show high levels of potassium due to:

Angiotensin II can stimulate the adrenal gland to release a hormone that increases the reabsorption of sodium ions in the kidney. This hormone is called:

Answer the question by choosing appropriate responses from the following:  

1) Sodium: It is reabsorbed from the proximal convoluted tubule in exchange for potassium.

2) Potassium ions: They are present outside the cell in a 10 times higher concentration than inside. 

3) Calcium: It has the least concentration in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 

4) Hydrogen ions: They are secreted in the renal tubules to reabsorb K ⁺ ions. 

5) Phosphate: It is present in the genetic material (DNA and RNA) and also helps in the formation of the energy currency of the cell (ATP). 

6) Ammonium ions: They help in the formation of urea in the DCT. 

7) Bicarbonate ion (HCO₃^-): It plays a crucial role in the reabsorption of H ⁺ ions in the kidneys.

Which of the above options correctly matches the ions with their descriptions?

Which of the following electrolytes are most responsible for osmotic water flow?

Which of the following substances is most likely to be an electrolyte?

In which cellular compartment are sodium ion levels relatively high?

Determine which hormone is not appropriately matched to its effect on electrolyte balance.

In hypernatremia, water moves out of the cells into the hypertonic extracellular fluid (ECF), leading to:

Which ion primarily moves out of the cell through ion channels during the repolarization phase of the action potential in neurons? 

Which of the following is NOT a hormone involved in regulating potassium ion levels in the body?

Which of the following is true for hyperkalemia in terms of its influence on the resting membrane potential (RMP)?

How does hypocalcemia disrupt the normal process of muscle contraction?

Which of the following effects of aldosterone is true?

Solutions with high conductivity typically contain ions that can freely move and carry electric charge. Which of the following solutions can you expect to have high conductivity?

Which of the following is a consequence of increased sodium ion concentration in the ECF?