You and a friend are having a contest to see who can hold his or her breath the longest. Your friend hyperventilates before holding his breath, and subsequently wins the contest. Why did hyperventilation give him an advantage?

Explain what would happen to the pressure inside a cylinder if you decreased its volume, according to Boyle's law.

If you swallow a large bite of food without properly chewing it first, you will feel discomfort during ventilation. Explain this, considering the arrangement of the trachea and the esophagus.

Predict what would happen to the tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume if the phrenic nerves were severed. Which muscles would contract to try to compensate for this?

What happens to the metabolic rate of skeletal muscle tissue during exercise? What waste products are produced from metabolic reactions? How and why does this affect your rate of ventilation during exercise?

Which of the following are functions of the respiratory system? Circle all that apply.

a. Providing for speech

b. Regulating the autonomic nervous system

c. Maintaining the acid-base balance of the blood

d. Temperature homeostasis

e. Raising the pressure in the abdominopelvic cavity

f. Assisting in blood pressure regulation

Air enters the lungs through the hollow passages known collectively as the _____, which terminate in grapelike clusters called _____. The lungs are encased in the ____ membranes.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

The trachea contains O-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

Goblet cells secrete serous fluid into the respiratory tract.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

The framework of the larynx is formed by nine pieces of cartilage, the largest of which is the thyroid cartilage.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

The pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium of the respiratory tract warms, filters, and humidifies the inspired air.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

The epithelium of the oropharynx changes from stratified columnar epithelium to simple squamous epithelium to enable it to resist abrasion from food.

The function of the epiglottis is to:

a. Contract muscularly to cover the laryngopharynx

b. Vibrate to produce sound

c. Trigger a cough reflex

d. Cover the glottis during swallowing

Which of the following statements about pulmonary ventilation is false?

a. Normal expiration requires the use of the expiratory muscles to decrease lung volume.

b. The inspiratory muscles increase lung volume, which decreases intrapulmonary pressure.

c. For inspiration to occur, intrapulmonary pressure must decrease below atmospheric pressure.

d. The intrapleural pressure is less than the intrapulmonary pressure; this prevents the lungs from collapsing during expiration.

Match each term with the correct definition. 

Airway resistance     

Surface tension     

Surfactant     

Pulmonary compliance     

V/Q ratio

a. A detergent-like chemical secreted by bronchial smooth muscle that reduces surface tension

b. The matching of ventilation to perfusion

c. Largely determined by the diameter of the airways

d. Caused by the formation of hydrogen bonds between water molecules

e. Determined by the surface tension of the alveoli, the elastic tissue of the lungs, and the condition of the chest wall

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

The functional residual capacity is the volume of air normally left in the lungs after a tidal expiration.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

The tidal volume is the amount of air left in the lungs after maximal expiration.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

The inspiratory capacity is equal to the vital capacity plus the tidal volume.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

The vital capacity is the total amount of exchangeable air.

Which of the following does not affect the efficiency of pulmonary gas exchange?

a. The surface area of the respiratory membrane

b. The degree of match of ventilation to perfusion

c. The percent saturation of hemoglobin

d. The thickness of the respiratory membrane

Henry's law states that the degree to which a gas dissolves in a liquid is determined by its:

a. Partial pressure

b. Solubility

c. Surface tension

d. Both a and b are correct

e. All of the above are correct

When the alveolar Pco₂ decreases, the pulmonary arterioles_____. When the arteriolar Pco₂ increases, the bronchioles_______.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

Oxygen is transported primarily by dissolving in the plasma.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

Each Hb protein can carry up to four oxygen molecules.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

Hb in arterial blood is normally almost fully saturated.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

When the PO₂ of arterial blood drops slightly, the percent saturation of Hb drops dramatically.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

Increased P_CO2, temperature, and hydrogen ion concentration all increase Hb's affinity for oxygen.