Heavy elements emit characteristics X-ray when their electrons undergo transitions. Shown below are the wavelengths of x-rays emitted by some elements:

Element          Wavelength (Å)
Cr                     2.291
Fe                     1.937
Co                    1.790
Cu                    1.542
Mo                    0.7107 

Calculate the frequency of each X-ray emitted and use that data to predict the wavelength of the light emitted by zirconium. Hint: Plot the square root of ν versus the atomic number of the element.

The dipole in an O–H polar covalent bond is a very important property of water and accounts for most of its characteristics. An O–H covalent bond requires 464 kJ/mol to break. Since this is a high-energy bond, only a wavelength of radiation within the ultraviolet region has enough energy to break this bond. Calculate the longest wavelength of radiation with enough energy to break this covalent bond. 

Some electromagnetic waves penetrate the human body which makes them useful in the field of medicine. Specific radiation with a frequency of 35×10¹⁶ Hz is used for medical imaging. Which type of electromagnetic radiation is this?

Identify the incorrect statement/s: 

i) Planck's original hypothesis was that energy could only be gained or lost in discrete amounts (quanta) with a certain minimum size

ii) Einstein postulated that light itself is quantized.

iii) If the photon has energy less than the threshold energy, an electron is emitted and any excess energy becomes the kinetic energy of the electron.

iv) If a photon that strikes a metal surface has more than the threshold energy, no electron is emitted from the surface.

Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of a 155-g ball traveling at 82 mph. Why is the wave nature of matter not important for this ball?

Calculate the uncertainty in the velocity for a neutron if the uncertainty in its position is 605 pm.

Based on the Bohr atomic theory, the movement of an electron from one energy level to another closer to the nucleus

Where does the Paschen series lie in the electromagnetic spectrum if its emission lines have n_f = 3?

What is the wavelength in nanometers of the spectral line for hydrogen when an electron transitions from n_f = 5 to n_i = 2 using the Balmer equation? What is the energy of the radiation corresponding to this line in kilojoules per mole?

Which of the following properties is primarily determined by the principal quantum number?

Is the average distance of the electrons in a 1s orbital larger or smaller than that of a 4s orbital?  

Identify which of the following n and l combinations are possible and which are not possible.

a. 3f

b. 4d

c. 1p

d. 2s

Draw the shape of a d_z² orbital. Include the x,y, and z axes.

Determine a possible set of quantum numbers for an electron in an atom 

a. n = 4, l = 3, ml = 0, ms = +1/2

b. n = 4, l = 2, ml = 1, ms = -1/2

c. n = 4, l = 1, ml = 2, ms = +1/2

d. n = 3, l = 3, ml = 0, ms = -1/2

e. n = 3, l = 0, ml = 1, ms = +1/2

f. n = 3, l = 1, ml = 0, ms = -1/2

g. n = 2, l = 1, ml = 0, ms = +1/2

h. n = 2, l = 0, ml = 1, ms = -1/2 

Determine the possible number of electrons described in the given set of quantum numbers:             

n = 6, l = 2, m _l = 1, m_s = - ½

Identify the diagram that shows the correct number of nodal surfaces and regions of maximum electron probability for a 5s orbital.

Based on the periodic table, what is the name of the element located in the sixth period that has two 6s electrons and no 5d and 6p electrons?

Both Aluminum (Al) and Gallium (Ga) form chlorides as MCl₃ and oxides as M₂O₃. Show their condensed electron configuration and explain this behavior.

Name the transition metal(s) in the second transition series that deviate(s) from the expected order of electron filling based on the Aufbau principle.

Consider the reaction of magnesium and chlorine and the reaction of magnesium and water. Identify the electron configuration and oxidation number of magnesium in the product of each reaction.

When neutral atoms pass through a magnetic field shown in the image below, atoms with unpaired electrons are deflected in random directions. This observation serves as evidence for what?

Which of the following sets of quantum numbers correctly describes the electron that a chlorine atom gains to become chloride ion (Cl^-)?

How many valence electrons are there in a tin atom?

Which of the following—Ca, Br, K, Ga, or Se—is the least metallic element?

Diamond is a mineral made up of carbon atoms arranged in a crystal structure known as diamond cubic. The molecular representation of diamond and the distance between each carbon are shown below. If the estimated atomic radius of the carbon atom is 76 pm, are the carbon atoms in a diamond held together by chemical bonds?

List the following from largest to smallest size: Sb, Sb³⁺, Sb^3–.

Which of the following statements is true based on periodic trends?