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Eukaryotic Chromosome Structure definitions

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  • Chromatin
    A complex of DNA and proteins that enables efficient packaging and organization within the nucleus.
  • Heterochromatin
    A densely packed chromatin form, typically found in regions like centromeres, associated with gene silencing.
  • Euchromatin
    A loosely packed chromatin form, allowing greater accessibility for gene expression.
  • Nucleosome
    A structural unit of chromatin, consisting of DNA wrapped around a histone protein core.
  • Histone
    A family of proteins forming the core around which DNA coils, crucial for chromatin structure and compaction.
  • 30 Nanometer Fiber
    A higher-order chromatin structure formed by tightly packed nucleosomes, enhancing DNA condensation.
  • Centromere
    A constricted chromosome region rich in heterochromatin, essential for proper segregation during cell division.
  • Kinetochore
    A protein complex assembled on the centromere, serving as the attachment site for spindle fibers.
  • Telomere
    A chromosome end structure with repetitive sequences and a G-rich overhang, protected by specific proteins.
  • Shelterin
    A protein complex that binds telomeric repeats, safeguarding chromosome ends from degradation.
  • Supercoiling
    A state of DNA where over- or under-twisting introduces tension, altering its normal helical structure.
  • Topoisomerase
    An enzyme class that relieves or introduces DNA supercoils by creating transient breaks in the strands.
  • CENH3
    A rare histone variant found exclusively at centromeres, crucial for their unique chromatin structure.
  • Histone Variant
    A non-canonical histone protein, often conferring specialized chromatin properties at specific regions.
  • G-rich 3' Overhang
    A single-stranded DNA extension at telomeres, rich in guanine, important for replication and protection.