Q: Which formula represents the probability of two independent events both occurring?

$$P(A \cap B) = P(A) \times P(B)$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes Mendel’s First Law (Law of Segregation)?

Accepted Answer

Alleles at a locus separate during gamete formation, so each gamete receives only one allele.

Question 2

A plant with genotype $$Rr ($$where $$R is $$dominant for round seeds and $$r is $$recessive for wrinkled seeds) is self-fertilized. What is the expected phenotypic ratio in the offspring?

Accepted Answer

$$3:1$$ round to wrinkled

Question 3

Which process is responsible for reducing the chromosome number from diploid to haploid in sexually reproducing organisms?

Accepted Answer

Meiosis

Question 4

During which phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 5

In a dihybrid cross between two heterozygous plants ($$GgWw 	imes GgWw$$), what is the expected phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation?

Accepted Answer

$$9:3:3:1$$

Question 6

Which event during meiosis increases genetic diversity among gametes?

Accepted Answer

Crossing over between non-sister chromatids

Question 7

A pedigree shows a trait that appears in every generation and affects both males and females equally. What is the most likely mode of inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Autosomal dominant

Question 8

If a cell starts mitosis with $$2N = 46$$ chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each daughter cell have after mitosis?

Accepted Answer

$$2N = 46$$

Question 9

Which of the following best explains the difference between genotype and phenotype?

Accepted Answer

Genotype is the set of alleles possessed by an organism; phenotype is the observable manifestation of a trait.

Question 10

Which stage of mitosis is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes at the cell’s equatorial plate?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 11

A human cell in G2 phase contains $$2N = 46$$ chromosomes. How many DNA molecules are present?

Accepted Answer

$$92$$

Question 12

Which of the following statements about homologous chromosomes is correct?

Accepted Answer

They carry the same genes but may have different alleles.

Question 13

In meiosis, when do homologous chromosomes separate?

Accepted Answer

Anaphase I

Question 14

A geneticist observes a trait that skips generations and is more common in males. What is the most likely mode of inheritance?

Accepted Answer

X-linked recessive

Question 15

Which formula represents the probability of two independent events both occurring?

Accepted Answer

$$P(A \cap B) = P(A) 	imes P(B)$$

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a function of meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Producing identical daughter cells

Question 17

A couple, both heterozygous for a recessive genetic disorder ($$Aa$$), want to know the probability that their child will inherit the disorder. What is the probability?

Accepted Answer

$$1/4$$

Question 18

Which cellular structure is responsible for moving chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Spindle apparatus (microtubules)

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the process of crossing over?

Accepted Answer

Exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes

Question 20

A geneticist is analyzing a pedigree and notices that affected individuals are only male and the trait is passed from father to son. What is the most likely mode of inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Y-linked

Foundations in Molecular Biology and Genetics: Lecture 1 Study Notes

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