Q: Which equation correctly represents the relationship between the coding (sense) and template (anti-sense) DNA strands during transcription?

$\text{mRNA: 5'\rightarrow 3'}$ \text{ and is complementary to the template strand}$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes a gene relic?

Accepted Answer

A non-functional trace of an ancestor's coding gene, typically found within multi-gene families, rendered inactive by deleterious mutations or deletions.

Question 2

During post-transcriptional modification, which process removes introns from pre-mRNA?

Accepted Answer

Splicing

Question 3

Which of the following is TRUE regarding pseudogenes?

Accepted Answer

They are non-functional because they lack a promoter region.

Question 4

A mutation deletes the promoter region of a gene. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The gene will become a pseudogene and will not be transcribed.

Question 5

Which of the following statements about gene families is correct?

Accepted Answer

Gene families are collections of identical or very similar genes that have evolved by duplication of ancestor genes.

Question 6

In the process of transcription termination, which mechanism involves the formation of a hairpin loop in the mRNA?

Accepted Answer

Rho-independent termination

Question 7

Which of the following modifications occurs after translation and is crucial for the proper function of insulin?

Accepted Answer

Post-translational cleavage

Question 8

A patient with cystic fibrosis has a mutation affecting the targeting of chloride ion channels. This defect is best described as a problem in which process?

Accepted Answer

Post-translational modification

Question 9

Which equation correctly represents the relationship between the coding (sense) and template (anti-sense) DNA strands during transcription?

Accepted Answer

$	ext{mRNA: 5'ightarrow 3'}$ 	ext{ and is complementary to the template strand}$

Question 10

Which of the following is a real-life example of selective protein degradation being essential for normal cellular function?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of the cell cycle by timely degradation of cyclins

Question 11

The rRNA gene family is unique because:

Accepted Answer

It consists of identical genes repeated in tandem, enabling cells to produce millions of ribosomes.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a post-transcriptional modification?

Accepted Answer

Protein phosphorylation

Question 13

During translation, which molecule brings amino acids to the ribosome?

Accepted Answer

tRNA

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why some genes are transcribed but not translated?

Accepted Answer

They code for functional RNA molecules such as rRNA and tRNA.

Question 15

A mutation in the GC-rich region of a gene affects which process most directly?

Accepted Answer

Rho-independent termination of transcription

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in gene expression?

Accepted Answer

Transcription → Processing (capping, polyA tail, splicing) → Export → Translation

Question 17

Which process is responsible for the addition of a 5' cap and a 3' polyA tail to mRNA?

Accepted Answer

Post-transcriptional modification

Question 18

Which of the following is a consequence of abnormal glycosylation of surface proteins?

Accepted Answer

Altered cell-cell recognition and immune response

Question 19

Which of the following equations represents the start and stop codons in mRNA?

Accepted Answer

$	ext{Start codon: AUG}$ 	ext{; Stop codons: UAA, UAG, UGA}$

Question 20

Which pathway is primarily responsible for selective protein degradation in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway

Genes and Gene Expression: Structure, Families, and Modifications

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