Question 1

Which chromosomal type is characterized by the centromere being located near one end, resulting in a very short p arm and a long q arm?

Accepted Answer

Acrocentric

Question 2

A plant species is created by hybridizing two different species and then doubling the chromosome number. What is the term for this type of organism?

Accepted Answer

Allopolyploid

Question 3

Which of the following best describes aneuploidy?

Accepted Answer

Having one or more chromosomes missing or extra, but not a complete set

Question 4

Unequal crossing over during meiosis can result in which of the following genetic phenomena?

Accepted Answer

Formation of gene families

Question 5

A gain of function mutation in a proto-oncogene can lead to which medical condition?

Accepted Answer

Cancer

Question 6

According to the endosymbiont theory, which organelle originated from a free-living prokaryote?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 7

Which inheritance pattern is observed when the phenotype of the offspring is determined by the genotype of the mother, regardless of the offspring's own genotype?

Accepted Answer

Maternal effect

Question 8

Which experimental technique uses fluorescent probes to detect specific DNA sequences on chromosomes?

Accepted Answer

FISH (Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization)

Question 9

What is the primary function of the DnaA protein in bacterial DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Binding to the origin of replication to initiate DNA unwinding

Question 10

Which enzyme is responsible for relieving supercoiling ahead of the replication fork?

Accepted Answer

Topoisomerase

Question 11

During DNA replication, Okazaki fragments are formed on which strand?

Accepted Answer

Lagging strand

Question 12

Which DNA polymerase is primarily responsible for synthesizing the leading strand in E. coli?

Accepted Answer

DNA Polymerase III

Question 13

What is the role of telomerase in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Extends the ends of linear chromosomes to prevent shortening

Question 14

Which of the following statements best describes semiconservative DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Each daughter DNA molecule contains one parental and one newly synthesized strand

Question 15

A patient is found to have trisomy 21. Which chromosomal event most likely led to this condition?

Accepted Answer

Nondisjunction during meiosis

Question 16

Which of the following best distinguishes heterochromatin from euchromatin?

Accepted Answer

Heterochromatin is more condensed and transcriptionally inactive

Question 17

Which structure is unique to certain amphibian oocytes and is characterized by extensive looping of chromatin for active transcription?

Accepted Answer

Lampbrush chromosome

Question 18

Which of the following is a key difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotes have multiple origins of replication

Question 19

Which process is essential for generating genetic diversity during meiosis and involves the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes?

Accepted Answer

Recombination

Question 20

A scientist wants to amplify a specific DNA sequence from a small sample. Which technique should they use, and what is the equation for the number of DNA copies after $$n$$ cycles if the process is 100% efficient?

Accepted Answer

PCR; $$2^n$$

Genetics Exam 2 Study Guide: Chromosomal Mutations, DNA Structure, and Genome Organization

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