Question 1

Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein.

Question 2

In modern genetics, what is the hereditary material?

Accepted Answer

DNA

Question 3

Which of the following correctly differentiates between genotype and phenotype?

Accepted Answer

Genotype refers to the genetic makeup, while phenotype refers to the observable traits.

Question 4

Which process describes the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template?

Accepted Answer

Transcription

Question 5

A plant heterozygous for yellow round seeds (YyRr) is self-crossed. What is the expected phenotypic ratio among the offspring?

Accepted Answer

$$9:3:3:1$$

Question 6

How do Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea differ in their nucleus and chromosome structures?

Accepted Answer

Eukarya have a nucleus and linear chromosomes; Bacteria and Archaea lack a nucleus and have circular chromosomes.

Question 7

Given the DNA sequence $$3'\ TACACGTTGGCATGA\ 5'$$, what is the corresponding mRNA sequence?

Accepted Answer

$$5'\ AUGUGCAACCGUACU\ 3'$$

Question 8

Which of the following best defines an allele?

Accepted Answer

A variant form of a gene at a particular locus on a chromosome.

Question 9

In a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous individuals ($$Aa 	imes Aa$$), what is the expected genotypic ratio among the offspring?

Accepted Answer

$$1\ AA : 2\ Aa : 1\ aa$$

Question 10

Which of the following is a critical experimental innovation that made Mendel’s crosses a success?

Accepted Answer

He used true-breeding plants and controlled pollination.

Question 11

If a man heterozygous for moles (Mm) mates with a woman without moles (mm), and moles are dominant, what is the probability that their child will have moles?

Accepted Answer

$$0.5$$

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the law of segregation?

Accepted Answer

Alleles for a trait separate during gamete formation, so each gamete receives only one allele.

Question 13

A dihybrid cross involves how many genes and how many alleles per gene?

Accepted Answer

2 genes, 2 alleles per gene

Question 14

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Unwinding of DNA, complementary base pairing, joining of nucleotides

Question 15

If two plants heterozygous for all four traits (seed color, seed shape, flower color, plant height) are crossed, what is the probability of obtaining an offspring with all dominant phenotypes? (Assume independent assortment.)

Accepted Answer

$$\left(\frac{3}{4}\$$right)^4$$ = \frac{81}{256}$$

Question 16

Which of the following statements about codons is correct?

Accepted Answer

A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that specifies an amino acid.

Question 17

In a trihybrid cross ($$AaBbCc 	imes AaBbCc$$), what is the probability of obtaining an offspring that is homozygous recessive for all three genes?

Accepted Answer

$$\left(\frac{1}{4}\$$right)^3$$ = \frac{1}{64}$$

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the process of translation?

Accepted Answer

The synthesis of a polypeptide using the information in mRNA.

Question 19

If you use Pascal’s Triangle to solve a binomial probability problem with $$n = 4$$, what is the coefficient for the term $$a^2b^2$ in the expansion of (a$$ + $$b)^4$?

Accepted Answer

6

Question 20

A geneticist is studying a population where the frequency of allele $$A is$$ $$0.7$$ and allele $$a is$$ $$0.3. $$According to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the expected frequency of heterozygotes ($$Aa$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$2pq = 2 	imes 0.7 	imes 0.3 = 0.42$$

Genetics Study Guide: Molecular Basis, Mendelian Genetics, and Probability

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