Question 1

Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular genetics?

Accepted Answer

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein.

Question 2

Which scientist(s) first proposed the chromosomal theory of inheritance, and what was its main assertion?

Accepted Answer

Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri; that chromosomes carry genetic information.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of DNA as described by Watson and Crick?

Accepted Answer

DNA contains uracil instead of thymine.

Question 4

A single-nucleotide mutation in the gene encoding hemoglobin results in sickle-cell anemia. Which of the following best explains the molecular consequence of this mutation?

Accepted Answer

It leads to the insertion of a different amino acid, altering the protein's function.

Question 5

Which of the following statements about model organisms is CORRECT?

Accepted Answer

Drosophila melanogaster is a model organism with only four pairs of chromosomes.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis results in two genetically identical diploid cells, while meiosis results in four genetically unique haploid cells.

Question 7

Which of the following is a direct application of recombinant DNA technology in medicine?

Accepted Answer

Production of genetically engineered insulin in bacteria.

Question 8

Which of the following equations correctly represents the diploid number of chromosomes in a typical human cell?

Accepted Answer

$2n = 46$

Question 9

Which of the following statements about the history of genetics is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

The cell theory, proposed by Schleiden and Schwann, established that all living organisms are composed of cells.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of alleles in genetics?

Accepted Answer

Alleles are different forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are the source of genetic variation.

Question 11

Which of the following is a key ethical concern related to gene therapy?

Accepted Answer

Potential for genetic discrimination and issues of access and consent.

Question 12

Which of the following statements about RNA is CORRECT?

Accepted Answer

RNA contains ribose as its sugar and uracil instead of thymine.

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why proteins were originally thought to be the genetic material instead of DNA?

Accepted Answer

Proteins are more chemically diverse and make up most of the chromosome.

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of a multifactorial disease?

Accepted Answer

Type 2 diabetes

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of restriction enzymes in recombinant DNA technology?

Accepted Answer

They cut DNA at specific sequences, allowing for gene splicing.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct statement about the Human Genome Project?

Accepted Answer

It involved international collaboration and took over 10 years to complete.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'genotype'?

Accepted Answer

The set of alleles for a given trait.

Question 18

Which of the following is a reason why Drosophila melanogaster is a valuable model organism in genetics?

Accepted Answer

It has only four pairs of chromosomes, making genetic studies simpler.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a scientist and their contribution to genetics?

Accepted Answer

William Harvey – Theory of epigenesis

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the outcome of meiosis in terms of chromosome number?

Accepted Answer

The resulting cells are haploid ($n$).

Introduction to Genetics: Foundations, Key Concepts, and Historical Milestones

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