Question 1

Which of the following best describes the Law of Segregation as proposed by Mendel?

Accepted Answer

Each gamete receives only one of the two alleles for each gene.

Question 2

A plant with genotype Aa is crossed with another plant of genotype Aa. What is the expected ratio of genotypes in the offspring?

Accepted Answer

$1:2:1$ (AA:Aa:aa)

Question 3

In a test cross between a heterozygous pea plant (Rr) and a homozygous recessive plant (rr), what is the expected ratio of phenotypes in the offspring?

Accepted Answer

$1:1$ (dominant:recessive)

Question 4

Which of the following scenarios violates Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment?

Accepted Answer

Genes located on the same chromosome

Question 5

If the probability of rolling a 2 on a fair die is $\frac{1}{6}$, what is the probability of rolling either a 2 or a 3?

Accepted Answer

$\frac{2}{6}$

Question 6

A woman is heterozygous for brown eyes (Br/bl), and her husband has blue eyes (bl/bl). What is the probability that their child will have blue eyes?

Accepted Answer

$\frac{1}{2}$

Question 7

Which of the following best describes a phenotype?

Accepted Answer

The observable characteristics of an organism

Question 8

What is the formula for the chi-square test used to determine goodness of fit in genetics?

Accepted Answer

$x^2 = \sum \frac{(Observed - Expected)^2}{Expected}$

Question 9

In a chi-square test, if the p-value is greater than 0.05, what is the correct interpretation?

Accepted Answer

The observed results are consistent with the hypothesis

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of a forward genetics approach?

Accepted Answer

Identifying a mutant phenotype and then determining the gene responsible

Question 11

A geneticist performs a cross between two pure-breeding pea plants, one with yellow seeds (YY) and one with green seeds (yy). What will be the genotype of the F1 generation?

Accepted Answer

All Yy

Question 12

Which term refers to the specific location of a gene on a chromosome?

Accepted Answer

Locus

Question 13

If two events are independent, what is the probability that both will occur?

Accepted Answer

The product of their individual probabilities

Question 14

In Mendel’s experiments, which generation is produced by crossing two pure-breeding parental plants?

Accepted Answer

F1 generation

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a step in a forward genetics investigation?

Accepted Answer

Start with a known gene sequence

Question 16

A researcher observes a 3:1 ratio of yellow to green seeds in the F2 generation of a pea plant cross. What does this suggest about the inheritance pattern?

Accepted Answer

Yellow is dominant over green

Question 17

If the observed number of round seeds is 5474 and the expected is 5493, what is the contribution to the chi-square value from this group?

Accepted Answer

$\frac{(5474-5493)^2}{5493}$

Question 18

Which of the following best describes a test cross?

Accepted Answer

Crossing an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive

Question 19

What is the degree of freedom in a chi-square test with three phenotypic groups?

Accepted Answer

$2$

Question 20

Which of the following statements about p-values in the chi-square test is correct?

Accepted Answer

A large p-value indicates the observed deviation is likely due to chance

Introduction to Genetics: Key Concepts, Mendelian Laws, and Genetic Analysis

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