Q: Which equation represents the product law of probabilities as applied to independent genetic events?

$P(A \text{ and } B) = P(A) \times P(B)$

Question 1

Which of the following was NOT a reason why Mendel was successful in his genetic experiments with pea plants?

Accepted Answer

He selected traits that showed continuous variation.

Question 2

According to Mendel's first postulate, what is the genetic basis for the control of traits in an individual organism?

Accepted Answer

Traits are controlled by unit factors that exist in pairs.

Question 3

In a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous tall pea plants (Dd x Dd), what is the expected phenotypic ratio among the offspring?

Accepted Answer

$3:1$

Question 4

A test cross is performed between a pea plant with an unknown genotype for tallness (dominant trait) and a homozygous dwarf plant. If all offspring are tall, what is the genotype of the unknown parent?

Accepted Answer

Homozygous dominant (DD)

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the Law of Segregation?

Accepted Answer

Alleles for a trait separate during gamete formation so that each gamete receives only one allele.

Question 6

In a dihybrid cross between two plants heterozygous for both seed color and seed shape (YyRr x YyRr), what is the expected phenotypic ratio among the F2 offspring?

Accepted Answer

$9:3:3:1$

Question 7

Which equation represents the product law of probabilities as applied to independent genetic events?

Accepted Answer

$P(A 	ext{ and } B) = P(A) 	imes P(B)$

Question 8

A plant with genotype YyRr is crossed with a plant with genotype yyrr. What proportion of the offspring will have yellow, round seeds if yellow (Y) and round (R) are dominant?

Accepted Answer

$1/4$

Question 9

Which of the following statements about alleles is correct?

Accepted Answer

Alleles are different forms of the same gene.

Question 10

In a trihybrid cross (AaBbCc x AaBbCc), what is the expected phenotypic ratio for the F2 generation according to Mendelian principles?

Accepted Answer

$27:9:9:3:9:3:3:1$

Question 11

Which of the following best describes a heterozygous genotype?

Accepted Answer

The two alleles for a gene are different.

Question 12

A pedigree shows a trait that appears in every generation and affects both males and females equally. What is the most likely mode of inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Autosomal dominant

Question 13

If a true-breeding round, yellow-seeded plant (RRYY) is crossed with a true-breeding wrinkled, green-seeded plant (rryy), what will be the genotype of all F1 offspring?

Accepted Answer

RrYy

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct statement about independent assortment?

Accepted Answer

The segregation of one pair of alleles does not affect the segregation of another pair.

Question 15

In a human pedigree, what does a half-filled circle represent?

Accepted Answer

A female carrier (heterozygote) for a trait

Question 16

Which of the following best describes a phenotype?

Accepted Answer

The observable characteristics of an organism as determined by its genotype

Question 17

A plant with genotype Dd is crossed with a plant with genotype dd. What is the expected genotypic ratio among the offspring?

Accepted Answer

$1:1$

Question 18

Which of the following is a real-world application of Mendelian genetics in medicine?

Accepted Answer

Predicting the inheritance of cystic fibrosis in a family using pedigree analysis

Question 19

If two individuals with the genotype AaBb are crossed, what is the probability that an offspring will be homozygous recessive for both genes (aabb)?

Accepted Answer

$1/16$

Question 20

Which of the following statements about Punnett squares is correct?

Accepted Answer

They allow visualization of genotype and phenotype ratios among offspring.

Mendelian Genetics: Principles, Analysis, and Applications

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