Question 1

Which of the following best describes Mendel's Law of Segregation?

Accepted Answer

Alleles for a gene separate during meiosis so that each gamete receives only one allele.

Question 2

In a test cross, an individual with a dominant phenotype is crossed with a homozygous recessive. If all offspring display the dominant trait, what is the genotype of the unknown parent?

Accepted Answer

Homozygous dominant

Question 3

A pea plant with genotype Pp is crossed with another Pp plant. What is the expected phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation?

Accepted Answer

$3:1$

Question 4

Which statement correctly distinguishes between a gene and an allele?

Accepted Answer

A gene is a segment of DNA coding for a trait, while an allele is a variant form of that gene.

Question 5

If a plant with genotype Aa is crossed with aa, what is the expected genotypic ratio among the offspring?

Accepted Answer

$1:1$

Question 6

A reciprocal cross is performed to determine if a trait is X-linked. Which result would indicate X-linkage?

Accepted Answer

The offspring ratios differ depending on which parent carries the trait.

Question 7

Which formula is used to calculate the chi-square statistic in genetic analysis?

Accepted Answer

$x^2 = \sum \frac{(O-E)^2}{E}$

Question 8

In a dihybrid cross between two heterozygous plants (RrYy x RrYy), what is the probability of obtaining an offspring with genotype rrYy?

Accepted Answer

$\frac{1}{16}$

Question 9

A researcher observes 62 purple and 18 white flowers in a sample of 80 plants. According to Mendel’s 3:1 ratio, what is the expected number of white flowers?

Accepted Answer

$20$

Question 10

If the calculated chi-square value for a genetic cross is $0.267$ and the critical value at $p=0.05$ with $1$ degree of freedom is $3.84$, what conclusion should be drawn?

Accepted Answer

The observed results fit Mendel’s prediction; any difference is likely due to chance.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes a test cross?

Accepted Answer

Crossing an individual with a dominant phenotype to a homozygous recessive to determine genotype.

Question 12

Which scenario demonstrates the Law of Independent Assortment?

Accepted Answer

Alleles for seed color and seed shape segregate independently during gamete formation.

Question 13

A plant with genotype WW produces white flowers, while Ww and ww produce purple flowers. What does this suggest about the W allele?

Accepted Answer

W is recessive for white color.

Question 14

How many degrees of freedom are there in a chi-square test for a monohybrid cross with two phenotypic categories?

Accepted Answer

$1$

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a function of a gene?

Accepted Answer

Determining the chromosome number of an organism

Question 16

In Mendel’s pea experiments, a single-nucleotide change in gene A resulted in white flowers. What is the most likely molecular explanation?

Accepted Answer

The change rendered the transcription factor inactive, preventing anthocyanin production.

Question 17

Which of the following is true about alleles?

Accepted Answer

Alleles are alternate forms of a gene found at the same locus.

Question 18

In a dihybrid cross, what is the probability of obtaining an offspring with both recessive phenotypes if both parents are heterozygous for both traits?

Accepted Answer

$\frac{1}{16}$

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct application of the Punnett square in genetics?

Accepted Answer

Predicting the possible genotypes and their ratios among offspring from a genetic cross.

Mendelian Genetics: Terminology and Analysis Tools

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