Question 1

Which of the following conditions is NOT required for allele frequencies to remain unchanged in a population according to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

Finite population size

Question 2

In the case of the peppered moths shown in the images, what real-world factor led to a shift in allele frequencies in the population?

Accepted Answer

Industrial pollution causing tree bark to darken

Question 3

Which form of selection is most likely to maintain genetic variation in a population?

Accepted Answer

Disruptive selection

Question 4

Given the fitness values $$w_{11} = 1$$, $$w_{12} = 1-s$$, $$w_{22} = 1-t$$, which genotype is most fit if $$s = 0.2$$ and $$t = 0.8$$?

Accepted Answer

$$B_1B_1$$

Question 5

If the frequency of allele $$B_1 in a $$population is $$p = 0.683$$ and after selection it is $$p = 0.6$$, what is the change in allele frequency ($$\Delta p$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$\Delta p = 0.083$$

Question 6

In a selection experiment for alcohol tolerance in Drosophila, which population showed the greatest increase in the frequency of the Adh$$^r$$ allele?

Accepted Answer

Population 1 in high-ethanol environment

Question 7

Which equation correctly represents broad sense heritability?

Accepted Answer

$$H^2 = V_G / V_P$

Question 8

If the additive genetic variance $$V_A = 10$$ and the total phenotypic variance $$V_P = 40$$, what is the narrow sense heritability $$h^2$$?

Accepted Answer

$$h^2 = 0.25$

Question 9

The Breeder's equation is used to predict the response to selection. Which formula is correct?

Accepted Answer

$$R = S h^2$

Question 10

In a population where $$h^2 = 1.0$, what is the expected response to selection compared to a population where h^2$ = 0.2$$?

Accepted Answer

The response to selection will be much greater in the $$h^2 = 1.0$ population

Question 11

Which of the following is TRUE about mutation in population genetics?

Accepted Answer

Mutation provides the raw material for evolution but changes allele frequencies slowly

Question 12

Gene flow between two populations will have which effect?

Accepted Answer

Equalize allele frequencies between populations

Question 13

After admixture of two populations with different allele frequencies, how many generations of random mating are required to restore Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

One generation

Question 14

In the context of sickle cell disease and malaria, why is the sickle cell allele maintained at high frequency in certain populations?

Accepted Answer

Heterozygotes have a fitness advantage in malaria-endemic regions

Question 15

Which genotype is most fit in a population where $$w_{AA} = 0.8$$, $$w_{AS} = 1.0$$, and $$w_{SS} = 0.2$$?

Accepted Answer

AS

Question 16

Which of the following evolutionary processes is most likely to lead to speciation?

Accepted Answer

Reproductive isolation and divergence

Question 17

On a phylogenetic tree, what does the 'root' represent?

Accepted Answer

The most recent common ancestor of all species in the tree

Question 18

Which of the following statements about monophyletic clades is correct?

Accepted Answer

A monophyletic clade includes all descendants of a common ancestor

Question 19

If $$V_P = V_G + V_E$$ and $$V_G = V_A + V_D + V_I$$, which component is most responsive to selection?

Accepted Answer

Additive genetic variance ($$V_A)$$

Question 20

In a selection experiment, if the response to selection $$R = 4$$ and the selection differential $$S = 8$$, what is the narrow sense heritability $$h^2$$?

Accepted Answer

$$h^2 = 0.5$

Population Genetics and Evolution: Natural Selection, Migration, Mutation, and Speciation

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