Q: Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

$DNA \rightarrow RNA \rightarrow \text{Protein}$

Question 1

Which of the following best explains why the 19th-century blending theory of inheritance was eventually rejected in favor of Mendel's particulate theory?

Accepted Answer

Blending theory could not explain the reappearance of traits after they disappeared for a generation.

Question 2

In Mendel's classic pea plant experiments, what phenotypic ratio did he observe in the F2 generation when crossing two heterozygous F1 plants for flower color?

Accepted Answer

3:1

Question 3

Which principle states that only one copy of a gene is passed to each gamete during reproduction?

Accepted Answer

Segregation

Question 4

The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance, proven by Thomas H. Morgan, established which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Genes are located on chromosomes.

Question 5

Which experiment provided the first strong evidence that genes are made of DNA?

Accepted Answer

The 1944 experiment by Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

$DNA ightarrow RNA ightarrow 	ext{Protein}$

Question 7

A rice variety was engineered to survive flooding by introducing the SUB1 gene. What is the primary function of the SUB1 gene in this context?

Accepted Answer

It suppresses rapid growth during submergence, allowing survival under water.

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of how genetics has influenced modern medicine?

Accepted Answer

Understanding lactase persistence and its genetic basis in adult populations.

Question 9

The one gene-one enzyme hypothesis proposed by Beadle and Tatum in 1941 suggested what about the relationship between genes and enzymes?

Accepted Answer

Each gene encodes a single enzyme.

Question 10

Which of the following statements about Mendel's particulate theory of inheritance is correct?

Accepted Answer

Genes behave like particles passed on intact from parent to offspring.

Question 11

A population of humans in a region with a long history of cattle domestication shows a high frequency of lactase persistence. What evolutionary process most likely explains this observation?

Accepted Answer

Natural selection for the lactase persistence allele due to the advantage of digesting milk.

Question 12

If a gene has two alleles, $A$ (dominant) and $a$ (recessive), what is the expected genotypic ratio among the offspring of two heterozygous parents ($Aa 	imes Aa$)?

Accepted Answer

$1\ AA : 2\ Aa : 1\ aa$

Question 13

Which scientist coined the term 'genetics' in 1905?

Accepted Answer

William Bateson

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the significance of the 1953 discovery by Watson, Crick, Franklin, and Wilkins?

Accepted Answer

They determined the double helix structure of DNA.

Question 15

A scientist is studying a trait controlled by multiple genes, such as human height. Which hypothesis best explains the inheritance of this trait?

Accepted Answer

Multifactorial hypothesis

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a direct application of modern genetics in agriculture?

Accepted Answer

Mixing fertilizers to improve soil nutrients

Question 17

If a plant breeder wants to ensure that a specific trait is passed on to the next generation without blending, which genetic principle should they rely on?

Accepted Answer

Particulate inheritance

Question 18

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of alleles?

Accepted Answer

Different forms of a gene, such as those for purple or white flower color in peas

Question 19

A medical geneticist is investigating a disease caused by a mutation in a single gene that encodes an enzyme. Which historical hypothesis is most relevant to this scenario?

Accepted Answer

One gene-one enzyme hypothesis

Question 20

Which of the following best summarizes the impact of genetics on our understanding of evolution?

Accepted Answer

Genetics provides a molecular basis for inheritance and variation, explaining how traits are passed and evolve.

Principles of Genetics: The Genetics Revolution and Its Impact

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