Question 1

Which of the following best describes the process of translation in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Translation produces a polypeptide using the information in mRNA.

Question 2

Archibald Garrod’s study of alkaptonuria led to which major insight in genetics?

Accepted Answer

A missing enzyme, due to a recessive gene, can cause metabolic disorders.

Question 3

Beadle and Tatum’s experiments with Neurospora crassa supported which hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

One gene encodes one enzyme.

Question 4

Which modification to the one gene–one enzyme hypothesis is correct?

Accepted Answer

Some genes encode functional RNAs rather than proteins.

Question 5

The genetic code is described as degenerate because:

Accepted Answer

Multiple codons can specify the same amino acid.

Question 6

Given the mRNA codon sequence 5' UCG 3', which amino acid is specified?

Accepted Answer

Serine

Question 7

If a tRNA has the anticodon 5' UGA 3', which amino acid will it carry?

Accepted Answer

Serine

Question 8

Which statement about tRNA charging is correct?

Accepted Answer

tRNA charging is the addition of the correct amino acid to a specific tRNA by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.

Question 9

What is the role of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in prokaryotic translation initiation?

Accepted Answer

It facilitates binding of mRNA to the 30S ribosomal subunit by base pairing with 16S rRNA.

Question 10

During translation elongation, which bond is formed between amino acids?

Accepted Answer

Peptide bond

Question 11

Which ribosomal RNA component acts as the peptidyl transferase in prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

23S rRNA

Question 12

What is the function of the 16S rRNA in the ribosome?

Accepted Answer

Detects incorrect tRNA bound at the A site and prevents elongation until mispaired tRNA is released.

Question 13

Which of the following is true about the directionality of polypeptide synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Polypeptide synthesis parallels the 5' to 3' orientation of mRNA, starting at the N-terminus.

Question 14

Which statement about the universality of the genetic code is correct?

Accepted Answer

The genetic code is nearly universal, with only a few rare exceptions.

Question 15

In eukaryotic translation, what is the advantage of closed loop translation?

Accepted Answer

It allows for efficient ribosome recycling and prevents translation of degraded mRNA.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains the wobble base pairing phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

The first two bases of the codon pair strictly according to the AU/GC rule, but the third base can tolerate mismatches, allowing one tRNA to recognize multiple codons.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events during translation initiation in eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Initiation factor complex binds to the 5' cap, small subunit and initiator tRNA scan for AUG, then large subunit joins to form the 80S initiation complex.

Question 18

A mutation in the gene encoding aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase for serine results in the enzyme attaching threonine to tRNA	extsuperscript{Ser}. What is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Serine codons will be translated as threonine, potentially altering protein function.

Question 19

Which of the following correctly matches the functional sites of the ribosome with their roles?

Accepted Answer

A site: Aminoacyl-tRNA entry; P site: Peptidyl-tRNA holding; E site: Exit of uncharged tRNA

Translation and the Genetic Code: Structure, Function, and Mechanisms

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